--==============================
-- Oracle
密码文件
--==============================
/*
一、密码文件
作用:主要进行DBA权限的身份认证
DBA用户:具有sysdba,sysoper权限的用户被称为dba用户。默认情况下sysdba角色中存在sys用户,sysoper角色中存在system用户
二、Oracle的两种认证方式;
1.使用与操作系统集成的身份验证
2.使用Oracle数据库的密码文件进行身份认证
三、密码文件的位置
Linux下的存放位置:$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapw$ORACLE_SID
即:ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapw<sid>
Windows下的存放位置:$ORACLE_HOME/database/PW%ORACLE_SID%.ora
密码文件查找的顺序
--->orapw<sid>--->orapw--->Failure
两种认证方式:类型与SQL server中的windows认证和SQL
server认证
决定在两个参数中
1.remote_login_passwordfile = none | exclusive |shared
位于$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora参数文件中
none : 不使用密码文件认证
exclusive :要密码文件认证,自己独占使用(默认值)
shared :要密码文件认证,不同实例dba用户可以共享密码文件
2. $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/sqlnet.ora
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = none | all | ntf(windows)
none : 表示关闭操作系统认证,只能密码认证
all : 用于linux或unix平台,关闭本机密码文件认证,采用操作系统认证,但远程<异机>可以使用密码文件认证
nts : 用于windows平台
不同的组合
1 2
none none sys用户无论是本机还是远程均不可用
判断当前使用的是操作系统认证还是密码认证
四、演示:
1.在sqlnet.ora
中追加SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = none
*/
[oracle@robinson ~]$ sqlplus /
as sysdba /*登陆失败*/
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0
- Production on Fri Apr 9 10:41:28 2010
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.
All rights reserved.
ERROR:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
Enter user-name:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[oracle@robinson ~]$ sqlplus sys/redhat
as sysdba /*使用密码文件认证,登陆成功*/
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0
- Production on Fri Apr 9 10:42:35 2010
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.
All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0
- Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP
and Data Mining options
SQL>
--=================================================================================
2.将SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES的值改为all
[oracle@robinson admin]$ sqlplus /
as sysdba /*采用本机认证可以登陆*/
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0
- Production on Fri Apr 9 10:46:55 2010
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.
All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0
- Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP
and Data Mining options
SQL>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[oracle@robinson admin]$ sqlplus sys/redhat@orcl
as sysdba /*使用密码文件登陆认证失败*/
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0
- Production on Fri Apr 9 10:48:35 2010
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.
All rights reserved.
ERROR:
ORA-12641: Authentication
service failed to initialize
Enter user-name:
--注:此时可以使用远程登陆。
--使用#符号将新增的SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES行注释掉恢复到缺省值
/*
五、密码文件的建立:orapwd
*/
[oracle@robinson ~]$ orapwd
Usage: orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<users>
force=<y/n>
where
file -
name of password
file (mand),
/*密码文件的名字orapw<sid>*/
password - password
for SYS (mand),
/*sys用户的密码*/
entries - maximum number
of distinct DBA and
/*可以有多少个sysdba,sysoper权限用户放到密码文件中去,去掉重复记录*/
/*注意entries中存放的个数但不是实际个数,这个是二进制数据*/
force - whether to overwrite existing
file (opt),
/*10g新增的参数,默认值为n ,y表示允许覆盖*/
OPERs (opt),
There are no spaces around the equal-to
(=) character.
--修改密码:
[oracle@robinson ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ ll orapworcl
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1536 Apr
7 15:50 orapworcl
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=oracle force=y
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ sqlplus sys/oracle@orcl
as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0
- Production on Fri Apr 9 11:34:09 2010
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle.
All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0
- Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP
and Data Mining options
SQL>
--将密码改回原来的密码
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat
OPW-00005:
File with same
name exists - please
delete or rename
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat force=y
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ rm orapworcl /*删除密码文件*/
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat
/*重建密码文件*/
--演示将entries
改为,然后将多个用户设置为sysdba或sysoper
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ orapwd file=orapworcl password=redhat entries=1
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ strings orapworcl
]/[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
INTERNAL
F7AC0C5E9C3C37AB
E100B964899CDDDF
--创建PL/SQL
增加个新用户
SQL> begin
2 for i
in 1..20 loop
3 execute immediate
'create user u'||i||' identified by u'||i||'';
4 end loop;
5 end;
6 /
--将新用户赋予sysdba角色
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> begin
2 for i
in 1..20 loop
3 execute immediate
'grant sysdba to u'||i||'';
4 end loop;
5 end;
6 /
begin /*得到和密码文件相关的错误提示*/
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01996:
GRANT failed: password
file ''
is full
ORA-06512: at line 3
--再次查看orapworcl发现多出了行,即当设置为的时候多出了个用户。原因是该密码文件是二进制文件,按矩阵计算可存放多少
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ strings orapworcl
]/[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
INTERNAL
F7AC0C5E9C3C37AB
E100B964899CDDDF
3E81B724A296E296
668509DF9DD36B43
9CE6AF1E3F609FFC
7E19965085C9ED47
--注意不要轻易删掉密码文件,这样会将其他账户的信息也删除
/*
六、导致密码文件内容修改的几种方式:
1.使用orapwd建立,修改密码文件,不建议使用
2.使用alter user sys identified by <>
3.使用grant sysdba to <>
或grant sysoper to <>
或revoke sysdba |sysoper from <>
七、查看密码文件内容 */
[oracle@robinson dbs]$ strings orapworcl
]/[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
INTERNAL
F7AC0C5E9C3C37AB
E100B964899CDDDF
--当sys密码不记得可以使用OS系统身份认证登陆到sqlplus,再使用alter
user修改密码
SQL> alter
user sys identified by oracle;
User altered
--再次查看密码文件与上一次对比,已经发生变化
SQL> ho strings orapworcl
]/[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
INTERNAL
AB27B53EDC5FEF41
8A8F025737A9097A
--通过授予权限来修改密码,密码文件中多出了scott的信息
SQL> grant sysdba
to scott;
Grant succeeded.