1、前言
最近项目中用到一个环形缓冲区(ring buffer),代码是由linux内核的kfifo改过来的。缓冲区在文件系统中经常用到,通过缓冲区缓解cpu读写内存和读写磁盘的速度。例如一个进程A产生数据发给另外一个进程B,进程B需要对进程A传的数据进行处理并写入文件,如果B没有处理完,则A要延迟发送。为了保证进程A减少等待时间,可以在A和B之间采用一个缓冲区,A每次将数据存放在缓冲区中,B每次冲缓冲区中取。这是典型的生产者和消费者模型,缓冲区中数据满足FIFO特性,因此可以采用队列进行实现。Linux内核的kfifo正好是一个环形队列,可以用来当作环形缓冲区。生产者与消费者使用缓冲区如下图所示:
环形缓冲区的详细介绍及实现方法可以参考http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_buffer,介绍的非常详细,列举了实现环形队列的几种方法。环形队列的不便之处在于如何判断队列是空还是满。维基百科上给三种实现方法。
2、linux 内核kfifo
kfifo设计的非常巧妙,代码很精简,对于入队和出对处理的出人意料。首先看一下kfifo的数据结构:
struct kfifo { unsigned char *buffer; /* the buffer holding the data */ unsigned int size; /* the size of the allocated buffer */ unsigned int in; /* data is added at offset (in % size) */ unsigned int out; /* data is extracted from off. (out % size) */ spinlock_t *lock; /* protects concurrent modifications */ };
kfifo提供的方法有:
//根据给定buffer创建一个kfifo struct kfifo *kfifo_init(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int size, gfp_t gfp_mask, spinlock_t *lock); //给定size分配buffer和kfifo struct kfifo *kfifo_alloc(unsigned int size, gfp_t gfp_mask, spinlock_t *lock); //释放kfifo空间 void kfifo_free(struct kfifo *fifo) //向kfifo中添加数据 unsigned int kfifo_put(struct kfifo *fifo, const unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len) //从kfifo中取数据 unsigned int kfifo_get(struct kfifo *fifo, unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len) //获取kfifo中有数据的buffer大小 unsigned int kfifo_len(struct kfifo *fifo)
定义自旋锁的目的为了防止多进程/线程并发使用kfifo。因为in和out在每次get和out时,发生改变。初始化和创建kfifo的源代码如下
struct kfifo *kfifo_init(unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int size, gfp_t gfp_mask, spinlock_t *lock) { struct kfifo *fifo; /* size must be a power of 2 */ BUG_ON(!is_power_of_2(size)); fifo = kmalloc(sizeof(struct kfifo), gfp_mask); if (!fifo) return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); fifo->buffer = buffer; fifo->size = size; fifo->in = fifo->out = 0; fifo->lock = lock; return fifo; } struct kfifo *kfifo_alloc(unsigned int size, gfp_t gfp_mask, spinlock_t *lock) { unsigned char *buffer; struct kfifo *ret; if (!is_power_of_2(size)) { BUG_ON(size > 0x80000000); size = roundup_pow_of_two(size); } buffer = kmalloc(size, gfp_mask); if (!buffer) return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); ret = kfifo_init(buffer, size, gfp_mask, lock); if (IS_ERR(ret)) kfree(buffer); return ret; }
在kfifo_init和kfifo_calloc中,kfifo->size的值总是在调用者传进来的size参数的基础上向2的幂扩展,这是内核一贯的做法。这样的好处不言而喻--对kfifo->size取模运算可以转化为与运算,如:kfifo->in % kfifo->size 可以转化为 kfifo->in & (kfifo->size
– 1)
kfifo的巧妙之处在于in和out定义为无符号类型,在put和get时,in和out都是增加,当达到最大值时,产生溢出,使得从0开始,进行循环使用。put和get代码如下所示:
static inline unsigned int kfifo_put(struct kfifo *fifo, const unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len) { unsigned long flags; unsigned int ret; spin_lock_irqsave(fifo->lock, flags); ret = __kfifo_put(fifo, buffer, len); spin_unlock_irqrestore(fifo->lock, flags); return ret; } static inline unsigned int kfifo_get(struct kfifo *fifo, unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len) { unsigned long flags; unsigned int ret; spin_lock_irqsave(fifo->lock, flags); ret = __kfifo_get(fifo, buffer, len); //当fifo->in == fifo->out时,buufer为空 if (fifo->in == fifo->out) fifo->in = fifo->out = 0; spin_unlock_irqrestore(fifo->lock, flags); return ret; } unsigned int __kfifo_put(struct kfifo *fifo, const unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len) { unsigned int l; //buffer中空的长度 len = min(len, fifo->size - fifo->in + fifo->out); /* * Ensure that we sample the fifo->out index -before- we * start putting bytes into the kfifo. */ smp_mb(); /* first put the data starting from fifo->in to buffer end */ l = min(len, fifo->size - (fifo->in & (fifo->size - 1))); memcpy(fifo->buffer + (fifo->in & (fifo->size - 1)), buffer, l); /* then put the rest (if any) at the beginning of the buffer */ memcpy(fifo->buffer, buffer + l, len - l); /* * Ensure that we add the bytes to the kfifo -before- * we update the fifo->in index. */ smp_wmb(); fifo->in += len; //每次累加,到达最大值后溢出,自动转为0 return len; } unsigned int __kfifo_get(struct kfifo *fifo, unsigned char *buffer, unsigned int len) { unsigned int l; //有数据的缓冲区的长度 len = min(len, fifo->in - fifo->out); /* * Ensure that we sample the fifo->in index -before- we * start removing bytes from the kfifo. */ smp_rmb(); /* first get the data from fifo->out until the end of the buffer */ l = min(len, fifo->size - (fifo->out & (fifo->size - 1))); memcpy(buffer, fifo->buffer + (fifo->out & (fifo->size - 1)), l); /* then get the rest (if any) from the beginning of the buffer */ memcpy(buffer + l, fifo->buffer, len - l); /* * Ensure that we remove the bytes from the kfifo -before- * we update the fifo->out index. */ smp_mb(); fifo->out += len; //每次累加,到达最大值后溢出,自动转为0 return len; }
put和get在调用__put和__get过程都进行加锁,防止并发。从代码中可以看出put和get都调用两次memcpy,这针对的是边界条件。例如下图:蓝色表示空闲,红色表示占用。
(1)空的kfifo,
(2)put一个buffer后
(3)get一个buffer后
(4)当此时put的buffer长度超出in到末尾长度时,则将剩下的移到头部去
3、测试程序
仿照kfifo编写一个ring_buffer,现有线程互斥量进行并发控制。设计的ring_buffer如下所示:
/**@brief 仿照linux kfifo写的ring buffer *@atuher Anker date:2013-12-18 * ring_buffer.h * */ #ifndef KFIFO_HEADER_H #define KFIFO_HEADER_H #include <inttypes.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <errno.h> #include <assert.h> //判断x是否是2的次方 #define is_power_of_2(x) ((x) != 0 && (((x) & ((x) - 1)) == 0)) //取a和b中最小值 #define min(a, b) (((a) < (b)) ? (a) : (b)) struct ring_buffer { void *buffer; //缓冲区 uint32_t size; //大小 uint32_t in; //入口位置 uint32_t out; //出口位置 pthread_mutex_t *f_lock; //互斥锁 }; //初始化缓冲区 struct ring_buffer* ring_buffer_init(void *buffer, uint32_t size, pthread_mutex_t *f_lock) { assert(buffer); struct ring_buffer *ring_buf = NULL; if (!is_power_of_2(size)) { fprintf(stderr,"size must be power of 2.\n"); return ring_buf; } ring_buf = (struct ring_buffer *)malloc(sizeof(struct ring_buffer)); if (!ring_buf) { fprintf(stderr,"Failed to malloc memory,errno:%u,reason:%s", errno, strerror(errno)); return ring_buf; } memset(ring_buf, 0, sizeof(struct ring_buffer)); ring_buf->buffer = buffer; ring_buf->size = size; ring_buf->in = 0; ring_buf->out = 0; ring_buf->f_lock = f_lock; return ring_buf; } //释放缓冲区 void ring_buffer_free(struct ring_buffer *ring_buf) { if (ring_buf) { if (ring_buf->buffer) { free(ring_buf->buffer); ring_buf->buffer = NULL; } free(ring_buf); ring_buf = NULL; } } //缓冲区的长度 uint32_t __ring_buffer_len(const struct ring_buffer *ring_buf) { return (ring_buf->in - ring_buf->out); } //从缓冲区中取数据 uint32_t __ring_buffer_get(struct ring_buffer *ring_buf, void * buffer, uint32_t size) { assert(ring_buf || buffer); uint32_t len = 0; size = min(size, ring_buf->in - ring_buf->out); /* first get the data from fifo->out until the end of the buffer */ len = min(size, ring_buf->size - (ring_buf->out & (ring_buf->size - 1))); memcpy(buffer, ring_buf->buffer + (ring_buf->out & (ring_buf->size - 1)), len); /* then get the rest (if any) from the beginning of the buffer */ memcpy(buffer + len, ring_buf->buffer, size - len); ring_buf->out += size; return size; } //向缓冲区中存放数据 uint32_t __ring_buffer_put(struct ring_buffer *ring_buf, void *buffer, uint32_t size) { assert(ring_buf || buffer); uint32_t len = 0; size = min(size, ring_buf->size - ring_buf->in + ring_buf->out); /* first put the data starting from fifo->in to buffer end */ len = min(size, ring_buf->size - (ring_buf->in & (ring_buf->size - 1))); memcpy(ring_buf->buffer + (ring_buf->in & (ring_buf->size - 1)), buffer, len); /* then put the rest (if any) at the beginning of the buffer */ memcpy(ring_buf->buffer, buffer + len, size - len); ring_buf->in += size; return size; } uint32_t ring_buffer_len(const struct ring_buffer *ring_buf) { uint32_t len = 0; pthread_mutex_lock(ring_buf->f_lock); len = __ring_buffer_len(ring_buf); pthread_mutex_unlock(ring_buf->f_lock); return len; } uint32_t ring_buffer_get(struct ring_buffer *ring_buf, void *buffer, uint32_t size) { uint32_t ret; pthread_mutex_lock(ring_buf->f_lock); ret = __ring_buffer_get(ring_buf, buffer, size); //buffer中没有数据 if (ring_buf->in == ring_buf->out) ring_buf->in = ring_buf->out = 0; pthread_mutex_unlock(ring_buf->f_lock); return ret; } uint32_t ring_buffer_put(struct ring_buffer *ring_buf, void *buffer, uint32_t size) { uint32_t ret; pthread_mutex_lock(ring_buf->f_lock); ret = __ring_buffer_put(ring_buf, buffer, size); pthread_mutex_unlock(ring_buf->f_lock); return ret; } #endif