最近开发公众号项目，前端采用vue开发，后台使用java开发，由于业务需求，需要实现公众号向用户发送重要的服务通知，提醒工作人员进行业务审核。这时候就需要用到微信平台的模板消息，为了保证用户不受到骚扰，在开发者出现需要主动提醒、通知用户时，才允许开发者在公众平台网站中模板消息库中选择模板，选择后获得模板ID，再根据模板ID向用户主动推送提醒、通知消息。常用的服务场景，如信用卡刷卡通知，商品下单成功、购买成功通知等。
获取template_id（注意：仅微信开放平台同事可获取）
通过向微信公众平台申请模板，来获取模板id，模板消息调用时主要需要模板ID和模板中各参数的赋值内容。请注意：1.模板中参数内容必须以".DATA"结尾，否则视为保留字;2.模板保留符号"{{ }}"
下图是在微信测试公众号申请模板
请求模板消息接口
1）微信网页授权
//前端发请请求 this.axios.get('/wx/get_code_num').then((res) => { window.location.href = res.data; }).catch((error) => { console.log(error) }); /** * 1.用户同意授权，获取code */ @RequestMapping(value = "/get_code_num", method = RequestMethod.GET) public String getCode() throws UnsupportedEncodingException { return "https://open.weixin.qq.com/connect/oauth2/authorize?appid=" + Constants.APPID + "&redirect_uri=" + URLEncoder.encode("http://192.168.0.152:8085/wx/send_wx_msg", "UTF-8") + "&response_type=code&scope=" + Constants.GRANTSCOPE + "&state=STATE#wechat_redirect"; }
2）获取用户openid
/** * 2.通过code换取网页授权access_token及openid */@RequestMapping(value = "/send_wx_msg", method = RequestMethod.GET)public String sendWxMsg(String code) { String access_token_url = "https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/oauth2/access_token"; String accessTokenObj = HttpClientUtil.sendGet(access_token_url, "appid=" + Constants.APPID + "&secret=" + Constants.APPSECRET + "&code=" + code + "&grant_type=authorization_code"); JSONObject jsonToken = JSONObject.fromObject(accessTokenObj); String openId = null; if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(String.valueOf(jsonToken))) { openId = jsonToken.getString("openid"); } logger.info("获取openid，微信平台接口返回{}", openId); return openId;}
3）组装、发送模板消息
import java.util.TreeMap;public class WechatTemplate { private String touser;//用戶openid private String template_id;//模板ID private String url;//URL置空，则在发送后，点击模板消息会进入一个空白页面（ios），或无法点击（android） private TreeMap<String, TreeMap<String, String>> data; //data数据 public static TreeMap<String, String> item(String value, String color) { TreeMap<String, String> params = new TreeMap<String, String>(); params.put("value", value); params.put("color", color); return params; } public TreeMap<String, TreeMap<String, String>> getData() { return data; } public void setData(TreeMap<String, TreeMap<String, String>> data) { this.data = data; } public String getTouser() { return touser; } public void setTouser(String touser) { this.touser = touser; } public String getTemplate_id() { return template_id; } public void setTemplate_id(String template_id) { this.template_id = template_id; } public String getUrl() { return url; } public void setUrl(String url) { this.url = url; } @Override public String toString() { return "WechatTemplate{" + "touser='" + touser + '\'' + ", template_id='" + template_id + '\'' + ", url='" + url + '\'' + ", data=" + data + '}'; }}
//微信模板接口private final String SEND_TEMPLATE_MESSAGE_URL = "https://api.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/message/template/send";//模板消息详情跳转URLprivate static String url = "https://www.baidu.com/";@RequestMapping(value = "/send_wx_msg", method = RequestMethod.GET)public String sendWxMsg(String code) { String access_token_url = "https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/oauth2/access_token"; String accessTokenObj = HttpClientUtil.sendGet(access_token_url, "appid=" + Constants.APPID + "&secret=" + Constants.APPSECRET + "&code=" + code + "&grant_type=authorization_code"); JSONObject jsonToken = JSONObject.fromObject(accessTokenObj); String openId = null; if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(String.valueOf(jsonToken))) { openId = jsonToken.getString("openid"); } logger.info("获取openid，微信平台接口返回{}", openId); String urlToken = "https://api.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/token"; String tokenObj = HttpClientUtil.sendGet(urlToken, "grant_type=client_credential" + "&secret=" + Constants.APPSECRET + "&appid=" + Constants.APPID); JSONObject retToken = JSONObject.fromObject(tokenObj); String accessToken = String.valueOf(retToken.get("access_token")); logger.info("获取access_token，微信平台接口返回{}", accessToken); TreeMap<String, TreeMap<String, String>> params = new TreeMap<String, TreeMap<String, String>>(); //根据具体模板参数组装 params.put("first", WechatTemplate.item("您的户外旅行活动订单已经支付完成，可在我的个人中心中查看", "#000000")); params.put("keyword1", WechatTemplate.item("发现尼泊尔—人文与自然的旅行圣地", "#000000")); params.put("keyword2", WechatTemplate.item("5000元", "#000000")); params.put("keyword3", WechatTemplate.item("2019.09.04", "#000000")); params.put("keyword4", WechatTemplate.item("5", "#000000")); params.put("remark", WechatTemplate.item("请届时携带好身份证件准时到达集合地点，若临时退改将产生相应损失，敬请谅解,谢谢！", "#000000")); WechatTemplate wechatTemplate = new WechatTemplate(); wechatTemplate.setTemplate_id(Constants.TEMPLATEID); wechatTemplate.setTouser(openId); wechatTemplate.setUrl(url); wechatTemplate.setData(params); JSONObject json = JSONObject.fromObject(wechatTemplate);//将java对象转换为json对象 String sendData = json.toString();//将json对象转换为字符串 logger.info("板参数组装{}", sendData); TreeMap<String, String> treeMap = new TreeMap<String, String>(); treeMap.put("access_token", accessToken); String retInfo = HttpUtil.doPost(SEND_TEMPLATE_MESSAGE_URL, treeMap, sendData); logger.info("消息模板返回{}", retInfo); return retInfo;}
请求的数据格式
{ "data": { "first": { "color": "#000000", "value": "您的户外旅行活动订单已经支付完成，可在我的个人中心中查看" }, "keyword1": { "color": "#000000", "value": "发现尼泊尔—人文与自然的旅行圣地" }, "keyword2": { "color": "#000000", "value": "5000元" }, "keyword3": { "color": "#000000", "value": "2019.09.04" }, "keyword4": { "color": "#000000", "value": "5" }, "remark": { "color": "#000000", "value": "请届时携带好身份证件准时到达集合地点，若临时退改将产生相应损失，敬请谅解,谢谢！" } }, "template_id": "ZUMTnYtG0O4vZSv4bPTtWTOFZ2zirOjaM50GYywRRnA", "touser": "olv_asx8nmggCQEmAFNbQstx3xd0", "url": "https://www.baidu.com/"}
微信平台返回的结果：
微信公众号通知消息
工具类：
import org.apache.commons.collections.MapUtils;import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;import org.slf4j.Logger;import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;import javax.net.ssl.*;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.InputStream;import java.io.OutputStream;import java.net.HttpURLConnection;import java.net.URL;import java.net.URLEncoder;import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;import java.security.SecureRandom;import java.security.cert.CertificateException;import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;import java.util.Map;public class HttpUtil { private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HttpUtil.class); protected static final String POST_METHOD = "POST"; private static final String GET_METHOD = "GET"; static { TrustManager[] trustAllCerts = new TrustManager[]{new X509TrustManager() { @Override public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s) throws CertificateException { logger.debug("ClientTrusted"); } @Override public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s) throws CertificateException { logger.debug("ServerTrusted"); } @Override public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() { return new X509Certificate[]{}; } }}; HostnameVerifier doNotVerify = (s, sslSession) -> true; try { SSLContext sc = SSLContext.getInstance("SSL", "SunJSSE"); sc.init(null, trustAllCerts, new SecureRandom()); HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory(sc.getSocketFactory()); HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(doNotVerify); } catch (Exception e) { logger.error("Initialization https impl occur exception : {}", e); } } /** * 默认的http请求执行方法 * * @param url url 路径 * @param method 请求的方法 POST/GET * @param map 请求参数集合 * @param data 输入的数据 允许为空 * @return result */ private static String HttpDefaultExecute(String url, String method, Map<String, String> map, String data) { String result = ""; try { url = setParmas(url, map, null); result = defaultConnection(url, method, data); } catch (Exception e) { logger.error("出错参数 {}", map); } return result; } public static String httpGet(String url, Map<String, String> map) { return HttpDefaultExecute(url, GET_METHOD, map, null); } public static String httpPost(String url, Map<String, String> map, String data) { return HttpDefaultExecute(url, POST_METHOD, map, data); } /** * 默认的https执行方法,返回 * * @param url url 路径 * @param method 请求的方法 POST/GET * @param map 请求参数集合 * @param data 输入的数据 允许为空 * @return result */ private static String HttpsDefaultExecute(String url, String method, Map<String, String> map, String data) { try { url = setParmas(url, map, null); logger.info(data); return defaultConnection(url, method, data); } catch (Exception e) { logger.error("出错参数 {}", map); } return ""; } public static String doGet(String url, Map<String, String> map) { return HttpsDefaultExecute(url, GET_METHOD, map, null); } public static String doPost(String url, Map<String, String> map, String data) { return HttpsDefaultExecute(url, POST_METHOD, map, data); } /** * @param path 请求路径 * @param method 方法 * @param data 输入的数据 允许为空 * @return * @throws Exception */ private static String defaultConnection(String path, String method, String data) throws Exception { if (StringUtils.isBlank(path)) { throw new IOException("url can not be null"); } String result = null; URL url = new URL(path); HttpURLConnection conn = getConnection(url, method); if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(data)) { OutputStream output = conn.getOutputStream(); output.write(data.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); output.flush(); output.close(); } if (conn.getResponseCode() == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) { InputStream input = conn.getInputStream(); result = IOUtils.toString(input, StandardCharsets.UTF_8); input.close(); conn.disconnect(); }// log.info(result); return result; } /** * 根据url的协议选择对应的请求方式 * * @param url 请求路径 * @param method 方法 * @return conn * @throws IOException 异常 */ //待改进 protected static HttpURLConnection getConnection(URL url, String method) throws IOException { HttpURLConnection conn; if (StringUtils.equals("https", url.getProtocol())) { conn = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection(); } else { conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection(); } if (conn == null) { throw new IOException("connection can not be null"); } conn.setRequestProperty("Pragma", "no-cache");// 设置不适用缓存 conn.setRequestProperty("Cache-Control", "no-cache"); conn.setRequestProperty("Connection", "Close");// 不支持Keep-Alive conn.setUseCaches(false); conn.setDoOutput(true); conn.setDoInput(true); conn.setInstanceFollowRedirects(true); conn.setRequestMethod(method); conn.setConnectTimeout(8000); conn.setReadTimeout(8000); return conn; } /** * 根据url * * @param url 请求路径 * @return isFile * @throws IOException 异常 */ //待改进 protected static HttpURLConnection getConnection(URL url, boolean isFile) throws IOException { HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection(); if (conn == null) { throw new IOException("connection can not be null"); } //设置从httpUrlConnection读入 conn.setDoInput(true); conn.setDoOutput(true); conn.setUseCaches(false); //如果是上传文件，则设为POST if (isFile) { conn.setRequestMethod(POST_METHOD); //GET和 POST都可以 文件略大改成POST } // 设置请求头信息 conn.setRequestProperty("Connection", "Keep-Alive"); conn.setRequestProperty("Charset", String.valueOf(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); conn.setConnectTimeout(8000); conn.setReadTimeout(8000); return conn; } /** * 拼接参数 * * @param url 需要拼接参数的url * @param map 参数 * @param charset 编码格式 * @return 拼接完成后的url */ public static String setParmas(String url, Map<String, String> map, String charset) throws Exception { String result = StringUtils.EMPTY; boolean hasParams = false; if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(url) && MapUtils.isNotEmpty(map)) { StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(); for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : map.entrySet()) { String key = entry.getKey().trim(); String value = entry.getValue().trim(); if (hasParams) { builder.append("&"); } else { hasParams = true; } if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(charset)) { builder.append(key).append("=").append(URLEncoder.encode(value, charset)); } else { builder.append(key).append("=").append(value); } } result = builder.toString(); } URL u = new URL(url); if (StringUtils.isEmpty(u.getQuery())) { if (url.endsWith("?")) { url += result; } else { url = url + "?" + result; } } else { if (url.endsWith("&")) { url += result; } else { url = url + "&" + result; } } logger.debug("request url is {}", url); return url; }}
遇到的问题
1）"errcode":40001,"errmsg":"invalid credential, access_token is invalid or not latest hint: [Ua2IXa0080sz47!]"获取的access_token不对，这边的token不是授权的token，是公众号调用各接口时使用的access_token
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本文标题: java实现微信公众平台发送模板消息的示例代码
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