测试版本:
PostgreSQL 9.0.3
EnterpriseDB ADVPlus 8.3R2
Oracle 10.2.0.4
RHEL 5 x86_64
PostgreSQL示例 ：
在
PostgreSQL的存储函数中不支持自治事务，啥意思呢？也就是说一个存储过程里的SQL被认为是一个事务单元来处理。要么全部成功要么全部失败。有
两个例外：dblink和exception 。each BEGIN/EXCEPTION/END block creates a
subtransaction.
下面看看PostgreSQL中dblink在事务中的使用.(实际上PostgreSQL中使用dblink和本地事务是隔离的).
例一:
digoal=> select now();begin;select pg_sleep(3);select now();select pg_sleep(3);select now();end;
now
-------------------------------
2011-02-14 10:29:34.924432+08
(1 row)
BEGIN
pg_sleep
----------
(1 row)
now
-------------------------------
2011-02-14 10:29:34.924645+08
(1 row)
pg_sleep
----------
(1 row)
now
-------------------------------
2011-02-14 10:29:34.924645+08
(1 row)
COMMIT
now()取到的是事务开始的系统时间.
换到dblink下取这个时间看看是什么情况,
select * from dblink_connect('lk_test','hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal password=digoal');
digoal=> begin;
BEGIN
digoal=> select * from dblink('lk_test','select now()') as t(v_time timestamp with time zone);
v_time
-------------------------------
2011-02-14 10:36:17.582965+08
(1 row)
digoal=> select * from dblink('lk_test','select now()') as t(v_time timestamp with time zone);
v_time
-------------------------------
2011-02-14 10:36:23.939499+08
(1 row)
digoal=> end;
从 now() 函数的返回推测dblink与本地事务隔离，属于自治事务.
换个例子更能说明情况.
digoal=> begin;
BEGIN
digoal=> select * from dblink_exec('lk_test','begin;insert into tbl_user (id) values(1),(2);commit;');
dblink_exec
-------------
COMMIT
(1 row)
digoal=> insert into tbl_user (id) values(3);
ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "tbl_user_pkey"
DETAIL: Key (id)=(3) already exists.
digoal=> end;
ROLLBACK
digoal=> select * from dblink('lk_test','select id from tbl_user where id in (1,2)') as t (id int);
id
----
1
2
(2 rows)
远程执行成功，本地执行失败，事务回滚，但是远程已经提交，因此有DBLINK的时候PG采用这种简单的办法不能确保事务完整性。（但是在ORACLE中采用2PC 处理可以确保远程与本地事务的完整性）
下面的例子是完全的本地事务，可以确保事务完整性。
digoal=> delete from tbl_user where id=3;
DELETE 1
digoal=> begin;
BEGIN
digoal=> insert into tbl_user (id) values(3);
INSERT 0 1
digoal=> insert into tbl_user (id) values(2);
ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "tbl_user_pkey"
DETAIL: Key (id)=(2) already exists.
digoal=> end;
ROLLBACK
digoal=> select id from tbl_user where id=3;
id
----
(0 rows)
再来一个示例,
HOST A:
digoal=> begin;
digoal=> select * from dblink_exec('lk_test','begin;insert into tbl_user (id) values(1),(2);commit;');
dblink_exec
-------------
COMMIT
(1 row)
HOST B:
select id from tbl_user where id in (1,2)
id
----
1
2
(2 rows)
HOST A:
ROLLBACK;
HOST B:
select id from tbl_user where id in (1,2)
id
----
1
2
(2 rows)
Oracle示例：
HOST A:
SQL> insert into tbl_test@lk_test values(1,'zhou','digoal','sky-mobi','28',sysdate,'abc');
1 row created.
HOST B:
SQL> select * from tbl_test where id=1;
no rows selected
HOST A:
commit;
HOST B:
SQL> select * from tbl_test where id=1;
ID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME
CORP AGE CREATE_TIME
----------
-------------------------------- --------------------------------
-------------------------------- ---------- -------------------
INFO
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 zhou digoal
sky-mobi 28 2011-02-14 11:31:32
abc
Oracle示例2：
HOST A:
SQL> insert into tbl_test@lk_test values(1,'zhou','digoal','sky-mobi','28',sysdate,'abc');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into tbl_test values('ab','zhou','digoal','sky-mobi','28',sysdate,'abc');
insert into tbl_test values('ab','zhou','digoal','sky-mobi','28',sysdate,'abc')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01722: invalid number
SQL> rollback;
Rollback complete.
HOST B:
SQL> select * from tbl_test where id=1;
no rows selected
EnterpriseDB示例：
enterprisedb和postgreSQL差不多，只不过提供了create database link的命令接口.
edb=# /h create database link
Command: CREATE DATABASE LINK
Description: create a new database link
Syntax:
CREATE [PUBLIC] DATABASE LINK name
CONNECT TO username
IDENTIFIED BY password
USING [ "oci" | "libpq" ] 'connection_string'
EnterpriseDB -> Oracle 示例
HOST A edb:
edb=# begin;
edb=# insert into tbl_user@edb.xl_local values(1,'zhou','digoal');
INSERT 0 1
HOST B oracle:
SQL> select * from msss.tbl_user;
ID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME
---------- --------------------- --------------------------------
1 zhou digoal
HOST A:
rollback;
HOST B:
SQL> select * from msss.tbl_user;
ID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME
---------- --------------------- --------------------------------
1 zhou digoal
没有回滚.
EnterpriseDB -> PostgreSQL 示例
HOST A: EDB
edb=# begin;
edb=# insert into tbl_user@lk_test (id) values (9999999);
INSERT 0 1
HOST B: POSTGRESQL
digoal=> select * from tbl_user where id=99999999;
id | firstname | lastname | corp | age
----------+-----------+----------+------+-----
99999999 | | | |
(1 row)
HOST A:
rollback;
HOST B:
digoal=> select * from tbl_user where id=99999999;
id | firstname | lastname | corp | age
----------+-----------+----------+------+-----
99999999 | | | |
(1 row)
没有回滚.
在PostgreSQL和EnterpriseDB中，使用prepared transaction可以解决2PC的问题,达到和Oracle类似甚至更强大的效果.下篇博客再说Prepared Transaction的问题.
#################################
我在前面一篇博客有提到PostgreSQL的事务中如果混合了本地SQL和远程执行的SQL的话，可能会导致事务不完整。
那么怎么来解决这种混合事务的完整性问题呢?没错，prepare transaction为我们提供了强大而有弹性的two-phase commit功能。
下面来举例说明一下:
测试环境：
PostgreSQL 9.0.3
TABLE :
digoal=> /d tbl_user
Table "digoal.tbl_user"
Column | Type | Modifiers
-----------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------
id | bigint | not null default nextval('tbl_user_id_seq'::regclass)
firstname | character varying(32) |
lastname | character varying(32) |
corp | character varying(32) |
age | smallint |
Indexes:
"tbl_user_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
原始数据:
digoal=> select * from tbl_user;
id | firstname | lastname | corp | age
----+-----------+----------+----------+-----
1 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
2 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
3 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
4 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
5 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
(5 rows)
远程数据库连接本机的ETH0网口，即测试中本地数据库和远程数据库使用同一个数据库。(不同数据库效果也是一样的)
要
使用prepared transaction首先要打开这个功能,修改参数,max_prepared_transactions = 50
(存储50个prepared transaction,默认为0表示不支持prepared
transaction)修改参数后重启数据库,注意这个修改的是远程数据库的参数.
开始测试一:
create or replace function fun_test () returns void as $BODY$
declare
v_trace text;
begin
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC begin';
perform
dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal
password=digoal','begin;insert into tbl_user(id) values(5);prepare
transaction ''p1''') ;
v_trace = 'LOCAL start';
insert into tbl_user(id) values(6);
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC commit start';
perform dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal password=digoal','commit prepared ''p1''') ;
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC commit success';
raise notice 'execute success at : %.',v_trace;
return;
exception
when others then
raise notice 'execute error at : %.',v_trace;
perform
* from dblink('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal
password=digoal','select 1 from pg_prepared_xacts where gid=''p1''') as
t(id int);
if found then
perform dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal password=digoal','rollback prepared ''p1''');
end if;
return;
end;
$BODY$ language plpgsql;
(5将违反约束，因此应该在执行v_trace = 'LOCAL start';之前抛出异常,来看看结果)
digoal=> select * from fun_test();
NOTICE: execute error at : RMT 2PC begin.
fun_test
----------
(1 row)
digoal=> select * from pg_prepared_xacts ;
transaction | gid | prepared | owner | database
-------------+-----+----------+-------+----------
(0 rows)
digoal=> select * from tbl_user;
id | firstname | lastname | corp | age
----+-----------+----------+----------+-----
1 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
2 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
3 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
4 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
5 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
(5 rows)
很好,达到预期效果，确保了事务完整性.
注意，如果去掉exception中的判断，会发生什么情况.
create or replace function fun_test () returns void as $BODY$
declare
v_trace text;
begin
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC begin';
perform
dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal
password=digoal','begin;insert into tbl_user(id) values(5);prepare
transaction ''p1''') ;
v_trace = 'LOCAL start';
insert into tbl_user(id) values(6);
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC commit start';
perform dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal password=digoal','commit prepared ''p1''') ;
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC commit success';
raise notice 'execute success at : %.',v_trace;
return;
exception
when others then
raise notice 'execute error at : %.',v_trace;
--
perform * from dblink('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal
user=digoal password=digoal','select 1 from pg_prepared_xacts where
gid=''p1''') as t(id int);
-- if found then
perform dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal password=digoal','rollback prepared ''p1''');
-- end if;
return;
end;
$BODY$ language plpgsql;
# 没错，会报P1不存在的错误,所以还是判断一下为妙,如果能在语法中加入IF EXISTS就更完美了.
digoal=> select * from fun_test();
NOTICE: execute error at : RMT 2PC begin.
ERROR: prepared transaction with identifier "p1" does not exist
CONTEXT: Error occurred on dblink connection named "unnamed": could not execute command.
SQL
statement "SELECT dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921
dbname=digoal user=digoal password=digoal','rollback prepared ''p1''')"
PL/pgSQL function "fun_test" line 18 at PERFORM
开始测试二:
create or replace function fun_test () returns void as $BODY$
declare
v_trace text;
begin
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC begin';
perform
dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal
password=digoal','begin;insert into tbl_user(id) values(6);prepare
transaction ''p1''') ;
v_trace = 'LOCAL start';
insert into tbl_user(id) values(5);
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC commit start';
perform dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal password=digoal','commit prepared ''p1''') ;
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC commit success';
raise notice 'execute success at : %.',v_trace;
return;
exception
when others then
raise notice 'execute error at : %.',v_trace;
perform
* from dblink('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal
password=digoal','select 1 from pg_prepared_xacts where gid=''p1''') as
t(id int);
if found then
perform dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal password=digoal','rollback prepared ''p1''');
end if;
return;
end;
$BODY$ language plpgsql;
(5将违反约束，因此应该在执行v_trace = 'RMT 2PC commit start';之前抛出异常,来看看结果)
digoal=> select * from fun_test();
NOTICE: execute error at : LOCAL start.
fun_test
----------
(1 row)
digoal=> select * from tbl_user;
id | firstname | lastname | corp | age
----+-----------+----------+----------+-----
1 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
2 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
3 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
4 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
5 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
(5 rows)
digoal=> select * from pg_prepared_xacts ;
transaction | gid | prepared | owner | database
-------------+-----+----------+-------+----------
(0 rows)
# 非常好,达到预期效果，确保了事务完整性。
例三:
create or replace function fun_test () returns void as $BODY$
declare
v_trace text;
begin
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC begin';
perform
dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal
password=digoal','begin;insert into tbl_user(id) values(6);prepare
transaction ''p1''') ;
v_trace = 'LOCAL start';
insert into tbl_user(id) values(7);
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC commit start';
perform dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal password=digoal','commit prepared ''p1''') ;
v_trace = 'RMT 2PC commit success';
raise notice 'execute success at : %.',v_trace;
return;
exception
when others then
raise notice 'execute error at : %.',v_trace;
perform
* from dblink('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal
password=digoal','select 1 from pg_prepared_xacts where gid=''p1''') as
t(id int);
if found then
perform dblink_exec('hostaddr=172.16.3.33 port=1921 dbname=digoal user=digoal password=digoal','rollback prepared ''p1''');
end if;
return;
end;
$BODY$ language plpgsql;
把插入的ID修改为6 , 7，结果应该是成功,来看看
digoal=> select * from fun_test();
NOTICE: execute success at : RMT 2PC commit success.
fun_test
----------
(1 row)
digoal=> select * from tbl_user;
id | firstname | lastname | corp | age
----+-----------+----------+----------+-----
1 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
2 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
3 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
4 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
5 | zhou | digoal | sky-mobi | 27
6 | | | |
7 | | | |
(7 rows)
good 完全符合预期，确保了事务完整性.
原理 :
begin;
SQLs;
prepare transaction 'transaction_id';
执
行以上SQL，将把SQLs的执行内容存入数据库磁盘中，因此不管数据库DOWN机也好
，正常关闭也好，断开连接也好，这部分SQLs都是存在的。因此PostgreSQL的2PC机制对数据来说是安全的。但是唯一不好的是2PC占用事务
号，因此非常长时间的2PC可能对数据库造成不良影响.
注意事项 :
1. 不要使2PC时间过长，因为有2PC存在的话vacuum不能回收垃圾空间(这个我在之前的博客也有写到，哪怕是begin;开着不放都不行)。
2. 2PC时间过长还可能造成强制数据库SHUTDOWN，如 transaction ID wraparound.
3. 2PC时间过长也可能带来锁时间过长的问题。
4. 因此没必要的话建议不要开启prepared transaction,由应用来实现2PC也是不错的选择.
原文警告:
Caution
It
is unwise to leave transactions in the prepared state for a long time.
This will interfere with the ability of VACUUM to reclaim storage, and
in extreme cases could cause the database to shut down to prevent
transaction ID wraparound (see Section 23.1.4). Keep in mind also that
the transaction continues to hold whatever locks it held. The intended
usage of the feature is that a prepared transaction will normally be
committed or rolled back as soon as an external transaction manager has
verified that other databases are also prepared to commit.
If you
have not set up an external transaction manager to track prepared
transactions and ensure they get closed out promptly, it is best to keep
the prepared-transaction feature disabled by setting
max_prepared_transactions to zero. This will prevent accidental creation
of prepared transactions that might then be forgotten and eventually
cause problems.