我今天看到好多之前没有见过的系统调用和函数。。。。。晕了。。。。。。
madvise函数
这个东西，应该是系统调用，因为他在man手册的2区。
madvise 可以设置内存的分配方式。或者说成是分配的细节方式。
The advice is indicated in the advice argument which can be
MADV_NORMAL
No special treatment. This is the default.
MADV_RANDOM
Expect page references in random order. (Hence, read ahead may be less useful than normally.) 减少预读
MADV_SEQUENTIAL
Expect page references in sequential order. (Hence, pages in the given range can be aggressively read ahead, and may be freed soon after they are accessed.)在一定范围内积极的预读，读完之后马上释放。
MADV_WILLNEED
Expect access in the near future. (Hence, it might be a good idea to read some pages ahead.)
MADV_DONTNEED
Do not expect access in the near future. (For the time being, the application is finished with the given range, so the kernel can free resources associated with it.) Subsequent accesses of pages in this range will succeed, but will result either in reloading
of the memory contents from the underlying mapped file (see mmap(2)) or zero-fill-on-demand pages for mappings without an underlying file.
MADV_REMOVE (Since Linux 2.6.16)
Free up a given range of pages and its associated backing store. Currently, only shmfs/tmpfs supports this; other file systems return with the error ENOSYS.
MADV_DONTFORK (Since Linux 2.6.16)
Do not make the pages in this range available to the child after a fork(2). This is useful to prevent copy-on-write semantics from changing the physical location of a page(s) if the parent writes to it after a fork(2). (Such page relocations cause problems
for hardware that DMAs into the page(s).)
MADV_DOFORK (Since Linux 2.6.16)
Undo the effect of MADV_DONTFORK, restoring the default behavior, whereby a mapping is inherited across fork(2).
MADV_HWPOISON (Since Linux 2.6.32)
Poison a page and handle it like a hardware memory corruption. This operation is only available for privileged (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) processes. This operation may result in the calling process receiving a SIGBUS and the page being unmapped. This feature is intended
for testing of memory error-handling code; it is only available if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE.
MADV_SOFT_OFFLINE (Since Linux 2.6.33)
Soft offline the pages in the range specified by addr and length. The memory of each page in the specified range is preserved (i.e., when next accessed, the same content will be visible, but in a new physical page frame), and the original page is offlined (i.e.,
no longer used, and taken out of normal memory management). The effect of the MADV_SOFT_OFFLINE operation is invisible to (i.e., does not change the semantics of) the calling process. This feature is intended for testing of memory error-handling code; it is
only available if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE.
MADV_MERGEABLE (since Linux 2.6.32)
Enable Kernel Samepage Merging (KSM) for the pages in the range specified by addr and length. The kernel regularly scans those areas of user memory that have been marked as mergeable, looking for pages with identical content. These are replaced by a single
write-protected page (which is automatically copied if a process later wants to update the content of the page). KSM only merges private anonymous pages (see mmap(2)). The KSM feature is intended for applications that generate many instances of the same data
(e.g., virtualization systems such as KVM). It can consume a lot of processing power; use with care. See the kernel source file Documentation/vm/ksm.txt for more details. The MADV_MERGEABLE and MADV_UNMERGEABLE operations are only available if the kernel was
configured with CONFIG_KSM.
MADV_UNMERGEABLE (since Linux 2.6.32)
Undo the effect of an earlier MADV_MERGEABLE operation on the specified address range; KSM unmerges whatever pages it had merged in the address range specified by addr and length.
MADV_HUGEPAGE (since Linux 2.6.38)
Enables Transparent Huge Pages (THP) for pages in the range specified by addr and length. Currently, Transparent Huge Pages only work with private anonymous pages (see mmap(2)). The kernel will regularly scan the areas marked as huge page candidates to replace
them with huge pages. The kernel will also allocate huge pages directly when the region is naturally aligned to the huge page size (see posix_memalign(2)). This feature is primarily aimed at applications that use large mappings of data and access large regions
of that memory at a time (e.g. virtualization systems such as QEMU). It can very easily waste memory (e.g. a 2MB mapping that only ever accesses 1 byte will result in 2MB of wired memory instead of one 4KB page). See the kernel source file Documentation/vm/transhuge.txt
for more details. The MADV_HUGEPAGE and MADV_NOHUGEPAGE operations are only available if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE.
MADV_NOHUGEPAGE (since Linux 2.6.38)
Ensures that memory in the address range specified by addr and length will not be collapsed into huge pages.