这里开始分析我们第一节贴的图中的class driver。class driver就是负责实现具体功能的driver，像usb-skeleton和usb鼠标的驱动。我认为class driver的功能应该是两个：一个是具体的操作usb device，实现具体的功能；二是像用户态提供dev的文件操作接口。
我们也用usb-skeleton为例进行分析。在这一层，还把usb device抽象成了一个设备 struct usb_skel dev。
/* Structure to hold all of our device specific stuff */
struct usb_skel {
struct usb_device *udev; /* the usb device for this device */
struct usb_interface *interface; /* the interface for this device */
struct semaphore limit_sem; /* limiting the number of writes in progress */
struct usb_anchor submitted; /* in case we need to retract our submissions */
struct urb *bulk_in_urb; /* the urb to read data with */
unsigned char *bulk_in_buffer; /* the buffer to receive data */
size_t bulk_in_size; /* the size of the receive buffer */
size_t bulk_in_filled; /* number of bytes in the buffer */
size_t bulk_in_copied; /* already copied to user space */
__u8 bulk_in_endpointAddr; /* the address of the bulk in endpoint */
__u8 bulk_out_endpointAddr; /* the address of the bulk out endpoint */
int errors; /* the last request tanked */
int open_count; /* count the number of openers */
bool ongoing_read; /* a read is going on */
bool processed_urb; /* indicates we haven't processed the urb */
spinlock_t err_lock; /* lock for errors */
struct kref kref;
struct mutex io_mutex; /* synchronize I/O with disconnect */
struct completion bulk_in_completion; /* to wait for an ongoing read */
};
我们看到，在class driver这一层，需要用到的gadget的信息就包含在udev、interface、bulk_in_endpointAddr、bulk_out_endpointAddr中，其实主要还是在interface中。
usb-skeleton.c中实现了两个driver。struct usb_driver skel_driver，struct usb_class_driver skel_class。
static struct usb_class_driver skel_class = {
.name = "skel%d",
.fops = &skel_fops,
.minor_base = USB_SKEL_MINOR_BASE,
};
从上面可以看到，对于usb_class_driver，其实就是向用户态提供了一套fops，这样用户态就可以通过devfs对device进行操作了。当然，usb鼠标的驱动不完全是这样。针对interface，实现了skel_driver
static struct usb_driver skel_driver = {
.name = "skeleton",
.probe = skel_probe,
.disconnect = skel_disconnect,
.suspend = skel_suspend,
.resume = skel_resume,
.pre_reset = skel_pre_reset,
.post_reset = skel_post_reset,
.id_table = skel_table,
.supports_autosuspend = 1,
};
先看skel_probe部分。
static int skel_probe(struct usb_interface *interface,
const struct usb_device_id *id)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
struct usb_host_interface *iface_desc;
struct usb_endpoint_descriptor *endpoint;
size_t buffer_size;
int i;
int retval = -ENOMEM;
/* allocate memory for our device state and initialize it */
dev = kzalloc(sizeof(*dev), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!dev) {
err("Out of memory");
goto error;
}
kref_init(&dev->kref);
sema_init(&dev->limit_sem, WRITES_IN_FLIGHT);
mutex_init(&dev->io_mutex);
spin_lock_init(&dev->err_lock);
init_usb_anchor(&dev->submitted);
init_completion(&dev->bulk_in_completion);
dev->udev = usb_get_dev(interface_to_usbdev(interface));
dev->interface = interface;
/* set up the endpoint information */
/* use only the first bulk-in and bulk-out endpoints */
iface_desc = interface->cur_altsetting;
for (i = 0; i < iface_desc->desc.bNumEndpoints; ++i) {
endpoint = &iface_desc->endpoint[i].desc;
if (!dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr &&
usb_endpoint_is_bulk_in(endpoint)) {
/* we found a bulk in endpoint */
buffer_size = le16_to_cpu(endpoint->wMaxPacketSize);
dev->bulk_in_size = buffer_size;
dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr = endpoint->bEndpointAddress;
dev->bulk_in_buffer = kmalloc(buffer_size, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!dev->bulk_in_buffer) {
err("Could not allocate bulk_in_buffer");
goto error;
}
dev->bulk_in_urb = usb_alloc_urb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!dev->bulk_in_urb) {
err("Could not allocate bulk_in_urb");
goto error;
}
}
if (!dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr &&
usb_endpoint_is_bulk_out(endpoint)) {
/* we found a bulk out endpoint */
dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr = endpoint->bEndpointAddress;
}
}
if (!(dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr && dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr)) {
err("Could not find both bulk-in and bulk-out endpoints");
goto error;
}
/* save our data pointer in this interface device */
usb_set_intfdata(interface, dev);
/* we can register the device now, as it is ready */
retval = usb_register_dev(interface, &skel_class);
if (retval) {
/* something prevented us from registering this driver */
err("Not able to get a minor for this device.");
usb_set_intfdata(interface, NULL);
goto error;
}
return 0;
error:
if (dev)
/* this frees allocated memory */
kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
return retval;
}
上面所进行的工作，主要就是针对usb_skel成员变量的初始化。包括从interface中挑选了两个endpoint，一个作为bulk in endpoint，一个作为bulk out endpoin。两个interface的endpoint分别用作in和out。最后调用usb_reister_dev对设备进行注册。下面我们就可以通过skel_class中的函数对设备进行读写操作了。
static int skel_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
struct usb_interface *interface;
int subminor;
int retval = 0;
subminor = iminor(inode);
interface = usb_find_interface(&skel_driver, subminor);
if (!interface) {
err("%s - error, can't find device for minor %d",
__func__, subminor);
retval = -ENODEV;
goto exit;
}
dev = usb_get_intfdata(interface);
if (!dev) {
retval = -ENODEV;
goto exit;
}
/* increment our usage count for the device */
kref_get(&dev->kref);
/* lock the device to allow correctly handling errors
* in resumption */
mutex_lock(&dev->io_mutex);
if (!dev->open_count++) {
retval = usb_autopm_get_interface(interface);
if (retval) {
dev->open_count--;
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
goto exit;
}
} /* else { //uncomment this block if you want exclusive open
retval = -EBUSY;
dev->open_count--;
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
kref_put(&dev->kref, skel_delete);
goto exit;
} */
/* prevent the device from being autosuspended */
/* save our object in the file's private structure */
file->private_data = dev;
mutex_unlock(&dev->io_mutex);
exit:
return retval;
}
打开设备时，用imonor对设备进行区分。
static ssize_t skel_write(struct file *file, const char __user *user_buffer, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
int retval = 0;
struct urb *urb = NULL;
char *buf = NULL;
dev = (struct usb_skel *)file->private_data;
/* verify that we actually have some data to write */
if (count == 0)
goto exit;
/* create a urb, and a buffer for it, and copy the data to the urb */
urb = usb_alloc_urb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!urb) {
retval = -ENOMEM;
goto error;
}
buf = usb_buffer_alloc(dev->udev, count, GFP_KERNEL, &urb->transfer_dma);
if (!buf) {
retval = -ENOMEM;
goto error;
}
if (copy_from_user(buf, user_buffer, count)) {
retval = -EFAULT;
goto error;
}
/* initialize the urb properly */
usb_fill_bulk_urb(urb, dev->udev,
usb_sndbulkpipe(dev->udev, dev->bulk_out_endpointAddr),
buf, count, skel_write_bulk_callback, dev);
urb->transfer_flags |= URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP;
/* send the data out the bulk port */
retval = usb_submit_urb(urb, GFP_KERNEL);
if (retval) {
err("%s - failed submitting write urb, error %d", __FUNCTION__, retval);
goto error;
}
/* release our reference to this urb, the USB core will eventually free it entirely */
usb_free_urb(urb);
exit:
return count;
error:
usb_buffer_free(dev->udev, count, buf, urb->transfer_dma);
usb_free_urb(urb);
kfree(buf);
return retval;
}
write的工作就是usb_fill_bulk_urb,然后usb_submit_urb。
static ssize_t skel_read(struct file *file, char __user *buffer, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
struct usb_skel *dev;
int retval = 0;
dev = (struct usb_skel *)file->private_data;
/* do a blocking bulk read to get data from the device */
retval = usb_bulk_msg(dev->udev,
usb_rcvbulkpipe(dev->udev, dev->bulk_in_endpointAddr),
dev->bulk_in_buffer,
min(dev->bulk_in_size, count),
&count, HZ*10);
/* if the read was successful, copy the data to userspace */
if (!retval) {
if (copy_to_user(buffer, dev->bulk_in_buffer, count))
retval = -EFAULT;
else
retval = count;
}
return retval;
}
read的工作通过usb_bulk_msg来实现，这个函数是一个阻塞函数，不是异步的。读到数据后，copy_to_user。需要记录的是，我在进行实验时开始用的是内核源码自带的usb-skeleton.c，不知为何总是读不到数据。后来改用了ldd中的代码，就可以成功读到数据，所以贴在了上面。
到这里class driver的分析就结束了。有空再分析一个usb 鼠标的驱动。