查找最小的k 个元素
题目：输入n 个整数，输出其中最小的k 个。
例如输入1，2，3，4，5，6，7 和8 这8 个数字，则最小的4 个数字为1，2，3 和4。
ANSWER:
This is a very traditional question...
O(nlogn): cat I_FILE | sort -n | head -n K
O(kn): do insertion sort until k elements are retrieved.
O(n+klogn): Take O(n) time to bottom-up build a min-heap. Then sift-down k-1 times.
So traditional that I don’t want to write the codes...
Only gives the siftup and siftdown function.
/**
*@param i the index of the element in heap a[0...n-1] to be sifted up
void siftup(int a[], int i, int n) {
while (i>0) {
int j=(i&1==0 ? i-1 : i+1); //找到兄弟节点
int p=(i-1)>>1;//找到父亲节点
if (j<n && a[j]<a[i]) i = j;//i为兄弟中较小的节点
if (a[i] < a[p]) swap(a, i, p);//向上筛选
i = p;
}
}
void siftdown(int a[], int i, int n) {
while (2*i+1<n){
int l=2*i+1;
if (l+1<n && a[l+1] < a[l]) l++;
if (a[l] < a[i]) swap(a, i, l);
i=l;
}
}