C语言标准库常用函数
sizeof(array)以及输出十六进制 int i[10] = {2, 3,4, 5,0}; printf("%032X\n", sizeof(i));
XADD(80486+)
.global xadd_func /* wrapper function of the xadd instruction */
xadd_func: movl 8(%esp), %eax /* Save the second parameter in eax */ movl 4(%esp), %ecx /* Save the first parameter in ecx */ xadd %eax, (%ecx) /* Exchange and add */ ret
Interrupt
When an interrupt is sent by the PIC, the PIC will not send another interrupt from that same source until it gets acknowledged through an I/O port. This is because interrupt handlers usually manipulate critical data structures and would not withstand being interrupted by new invocations of themselves (i.e. they are not reentrant). In particular, an interrupt handler must never block on anything. Most interrupt handlers simply make a note of work that must be done as a result of the interrupt, clear the interrupt, then terminate, leaving the work to be done at a more convenient time. Note that it may be possible for one interrupt handler to be interrupted by a different interrupt handler, so long as they do not share data structures.
Interrupt handler在执行前，会保存之前系统状态，执行完后，会恢复之前的状态。当一个interrupt handler A被interrupt handler B 打断以后，B执行完以后，A就继续执行，只有当handler执行完以后，才会执行之前的被打断的user-level instruction.
tar命令不包含某个文件进行压缩
tar cvzf data.tar.gz --exclude=/data/web/aaa --exclude=/data/web/bbb /data/web/ 另一种方法，先建立一个文件excludefile，里面写好 /data/web/aaa /data/web/bbb 然后tar命令这样： tar cvzf data.tar.gz --exclude-from /data/excludefile /data/web/
Re-entrant & Interrput handler & Thread-safe
malloc and printf usually use global structures, and employ lock-based synchronization internally. That's why they're not reentrant. The malloc function could either be thread-safe or thread-unsafe. Both are not reentrant: Any thread-unsafe function is not reentrant (reentrant functions are thread-safe by definition). Malloc operates on a global heap, and it's possible that two different invocations of malloc that happen at the same time, return the same memory block. (The 2nd malloc call should happen before an address of the chunkis fetched, but the chunk is not marked as unavailable). This violates the postcondition of malloc, so this implementation would not be re-entrant. To prevent this effect, a thread-safe implementation of malloc would use lock-based synchronization. However, if malloc is called from signal handler, the following situation may happen: malloc(); //initial call lock(memory_lock); //acquire lock inside malloc implementation signal_handler(); //interrupt and process signal malloc(); //call malloc() inside signal handler lock(memory_lock); //try to acquire lock in malloc implementation // DEADLOCK! We wait for release of memory_lock, but // it won't be released because the original malloc call is interrupted This situation won't happen when malloc is simply called from different threads. Indeed, the reentrancy concept goes beyond thread-safety and also requires functions to work properly even if one of its invocation never terminates. That's basically the reasoning why any function with locks would be not re-entrant. The printf function also operated on global data. Any output stream usually employs a global buffer attached to the resource data are sent to (a buffer for terminal, or for a file). The print process is usually a sequence of copying data to buffer and flushing the buffer afterwards. This buffer should be protected by locks in the same way malloc does. Therefore, printf is also non-reentrant.
malloc size 0
When void *ptr = malloc(size), size == 0, malloc() returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can later be successfully passed to free().
MySQL常用命令：
show databases; /* 显示当前所有数据库 */ create database test; /* 创建新数据库test */ use test; /* 开始使用test */ create table user (name varchar(20), sex char(1)); /* 创建表格 */ show tables; /* 显示test数据库里面的表格 */ drop table user; /* 删除表格user */ describe user; /* 显示fields */
select * from user /* 显示表内容 */
max_allowed_packet=500M /* 存大量byte */
net stop mysql & net start mysql /* windows下重启mysql (管理员权限)*/
增删查改如果嫌麻烦，直接用mysql-front
Caller save & callee save registers
%eax, %edx, %ecx Caller saves prior to call if values are used later %eax also used to return integer value %ebx, %esi, %edi Callee saves if wants to use them %esp, %ebp special form of callee save Restored to original values upon exit from procedure
Create a file
When you want to create a file, it is better to use open(pathname, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, mode). ~ APUE P63
char* 与char[]的区别
char *name1 = "andrew"; char name2[] = "andrew"; name1的"andrew"不可变的，企图改变的话，则会产生"segmentation fault" name2则可以任意改变
创建临时文件(mkstemp()函数与unlink()函数)
Reference: http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2012/06/c-temporary-files/
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<unistd.h> #include<string.h> #include<errno.h> int main() { // buffer to hold the temporary file name char nameBuff[32]; // buffer to hold data to be written/read to/from temporary file char buffer[24]; int filedes = -1,count=0; // memset the buffers to 0 memset(nameBuff,0,sizeof(nameBuff)); memset(buffer,0,sizeof(buffer)); // Copy the relevant information in the buffers strncpy(nameBuff,"/tmp/myTmpFile-XXXXXX",21); strncpy(buffer,"Hello World",11); errno = 0; // Create the temporary file, this function will replace the 'X's filedes = mkstemp(nameBuff); // Call unlink so that whenever the file is closed or the program exits // the temporary file is deleted unlink(nameBuff); if(filedes<1) { printf("\n Creation of temp file failed with error [%s]\n",strerror(errno)); return 1; } else { printf("\n Temporary file [%s] created\n", nameBuff); } errno = 0; // Write some data to the temporary file if(-1 == write(filedes,buffer,sizeof(buffer))) { printf("\n write failed with error [%s]\n",strerror(errno)); return 1; } printf("\n Data written to temporary file is [%s]\n",buffer); // reset the buffer as it will be used in read operation now memset(buffer,0,sizeof(buffer)); errno = 0; // rewind the stream pointer to the start of temporary file if(-1 == lseek(filedes,0,SEEK_SET)) { printf("\n lseek failed with error [%s]\n",strerror(errno)); return 1; } errno=0; // read the data from temporary file if( (count =read(filedes,buffer,11)) < 11 ) { printf("\n read failed with error [%s]\n",strerror(errno)); return 1; } // Show whatever is read printf("\n Data read back from temporary file is [%s]\n",buffer); return 0; }
xxd命令可以查看当前文件的ascii码构成
FILE *file = fopen(path, "w")直接把原来的文件内容都清空了；char str[100] = {0}，初始化为0.
Debug Log File
logfile = fopen("cloudfs.log", "w"); setvbuf(logfile, NULL, _IOLBF, 0); /* To ensure that a log of content is not buffered */ void debug_msg(const char *format, ...) { va_list ap; va_start(ap, format); vfprintf(logFile, format, ap); }
C++ LinkedHashMap
unordered_map < string, list< pair<string, node> >::iterator > mymap; list< pair<string, node> > mylist;
C++ Virtual Destructor & operator overloading
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class A { public: A(){} virtual ~A() {cout<<"A destructor"<<endl;}
bool operator > (A &a); }; class B : public A { public: B(){} ~B() {cout<<"B destructor"<<endl;} }; int main() { B *b = new B(); A *a = b; delete a; return 0; }