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Lua基础 小结(两个Lua程序示例)

2014年01月08日 ⁄ 综合 ⁄ 共 7415字 ⁄ 字号 评论关闭

本篇文章作为Lua基础部分的一个小结,演示两个小程序,来表现Lua的不同特性。第一个例子说明Lua如何作为一门数据描述性语言使用。第2个例子,是一个马尔可夫链算法的实现。

ps:个人觉得书中的这一章有点莫名其妙,感觉两个例子也没有起到什么总结作用,反而感觉讲得有点云里雾里的。


1. 数据描述

在Lua的网站上保留了一个数据库,存储了世界上使用Lua的项目的一些示例代码。我们用一个结构体来表示数据库中的每一个条目,如下所示:

entry{
    title = "Tecgraf",
    org = "Computer Graphics Technology Group, PUC-Rio",
    url = "http://www.tecgraf.puc-rio.br/",
    contact = "Waldemar Celes",
    description = [[
        Tecgraf is the result of a partnership between PUC-Rio,
        the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,
        and <a HREF="http://www.petrobras.com.br/">PETROBRAS</a>,
        the Brazilian Oil Company.
        Tecgraf is Lua's birthplace,
        and the language has been used there since 1993.
        Currently, more than thirty programmers in Tecgraf use
        Lua regularly; they have written more than two hundred
        thousand lines of code, distributed among dozens of
        final products.]]
}

含有一系列这样条目的一个数据文件,居然也是一个Lua程序,它以table为参数去对函数entry 进行一系列调用。


我们要写一个程序将这些数据以HTML格式展示出来,这些数据就变成网页 http://www.lua.org/uses.html。 因为有很多项目,最终的页面先列出所有项目的主题,再展示每个项目的细节。如下所示,是程序的一个典型输出:

<html>
<head><title>Projects using Lua</title></head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
Here are brief descriptions of some projects around the
world that use <a href="home.html">Lua</a>.
<br>
<ul>
<li><a href="#1">Tecgraf</a>
<li> <other entries>
</ul>
<h3>
<a name="1" href="http://www.tecgraf.puc-rio.br/">Tecgraf</a>
<br>
<small><em>Computer Graphics Technology Group,
    PUC-Rio</em></small>
</h3>
    Tecgraf is the result of a partnership between
    ...
    distributed among dozens of final products.<p>
Contact: Waldemar Celes
<a name="2"></a><hr>
<other entries>
</body></html>

为了读取数据,程序简单定义了entry ,然后用dofile 运行该数据文件。注意,我们必须遍历所有的条目两遍,第一次是为了获取主题列表,第二次来获取项目描述信息。一种方法是将所有的条目手收集到一个array中。但是,还有另一个比较吸引人的方法:运行这个数据文件两次,每次使用不同的entry 定义。下面我们使用第二种方法。


首先,我们定义一个格式化写入的函数:

function fwrite (fmt, ...)
    return io.write(string.format(fmt, ...))
end

函数writeheader 简单的写入page header,如下:

function writeheader()
    io.write([[
        <html>
        <head><title>Projects using Lua</title></head>
        <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
        Here are brief descriptions of some projects around the
        world that use <a href="home.html">Lua</a>.
        <br>
    ]])
end

entry 的第一个定义,将每一个项目主题写入到list中为一个条目,参数o  是描述项目的table:

function entry1 (o)
    count = count + 1
    local title = o.title or '(no title)'
    fwrite('<li><a href="#%d">%s</a>\n', count, title)
end 

如果o.titlenil (也就是说这个域没有被提供),函数使用一个固定的"(no title)"。


entry 的第二个定义如下,写入一个项目的所有有用数据。有一点复杂,因为所有的选项都是可选的。(HTML中使用双引号,为了避免跟HTML冲突,我们在程序中使用单引号)。

function entry2 (o)
    count = count + 1
    fwrite('<hr>\n<h3>\n')
    local href = o.url and string.format(' href="%s"', o.url) or ''
    local title = o.title or o.org or 'org'
    fwrite('<a name="%d"%s>%s</a>\n', count, href, title)
    if o.title and o.org then
        fwrite('<br>\n<small><em>%s</em></small>', o.org)
    end
    fwrite('\n</h3>\n')
    if o.description then
        fwrite('%s<p>\n',
                string.gsub(o.description, '\n\n+', '<p>\n'))
    end
    if o.email then
        fwrite('Contact: <a href="mailto:%s">%s</a>\n',
                o.email, o.contact or o.email)
    elseif o.contact then
        fwrite('Contact: %s\n', o.contact)
    end
end

最后一个函数writetail ,写page tail。

function writetail ()
    fwrite('</body></html>\n')
end

主程序如下所示。程序打开页面,加载数据文件,用entry 的第一个定义(entry1)来创建主题列表,然后重置计数器,再用entry 的第二个定义(entry2)来运行数据文件,最后关闭页面。

local inputfile = 'db.lua'
writeheader()
count = 0
f = loadfile(inputfile) -- loads data file
entry = entry1 -- defines 'entry'
fwrite('<ul>\n')
f() -- runs data file
fwrite('</ul>\n')
count = 0
entry = entry2 -- redefines 'entry'
f() -- runs data file again
writetail()

汇总了一下上面的程序代码如下:

function fwrite (fmt, ...)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
    return io.write(string.format(fmt, ...))
end

function writeheader()
    io.write([[
    <html>
    <head><title>Projects using lua</title></head>
    <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
    Here are brief description of some projects around the world
    that use <a href="home.html">Lua</a>.
    <br>
    ]])
end

function entry1 (o) 
    count = count + 1 
    local title = o.title or '(no title)'
    fwrite('<li><a href="#%d">%s</a>\n', count, title)
end

function entry2 (o) 
    count = count + 1 
    fwrite('<hr>\n<h3>\n')
    local href = o.url and string.format(' href="%s"', o.url)
    local title = o.title or o.org or 'org'
    fwrite('<a name="%d"%s>%s</a>\n', count, href, title)
    if o.title and o.org then
        fwrite('<br>\n<small><em>%s</em></small>', o.org)
    end 
    fwrite('\n</h3>\n')
    if o.description then
        fwrite('%s<p>\n',
                string.gsub(o.description, '\n\n+', '<p>\n'))
    end 
    if o.email then
        fwrite('Contact: <a href="mailto:%s">%s</a>\n',
                o.email, o.contact or o.email)
    elseif o.contact then
        fwrite('Contact: %s\n', o.contact)
    end 
end

function writetail ()
    fwrite('</body></html>\n')
end

local inputfile = 'db.lua'
writeheader()
count = 0
f = loadfile(inputfile) -- loads data file
entry = entry1 -- defines 'entry'
fwrite('<ul>\n')
f() -- runs data file
fwrite('</ul>\n')
count = 0
entry = entry2 -- redefines 'entry'
f() -- runs data file again
writetail()

db.lua文件的内容如下:

entry{                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
      title = "Tecgraf",
      org = "Computer Graphics Technology Group, PUC-Rio",
      url = "http://www.tecgraf.puc-rio.br/",
      contact = "Waldemar Celes",
      description = [[
        TeCGraf is the result of a partnership between PUC-Rio,
        the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,
        and <A HREF="http://www.petrobras.com.br/">PETROBRAS</A>,
        the Brazilian Oil Company.
        TeCGraf is Lua's birthplace,
        and the language has been used there since 1993.
        Currently, more than thirty programmers in TeCGraf use
        Lua regularly; they have written more than two hundred
        thousand lines of code, distributed among dozens of
        final products.]]
      }   
entry{
      title = "Tecgraf_02",
      org = "Computer Graphics Technology Group, PUC-Rio, the 2nd entry",
      url = "http://www.tecgraf.puc-rio.br/, the 2nd entry",
      contact = "Waldemar Celes 02",
      description = [[
        This is the 2nd entry,
        TeCGraf is the result of a partnership between PUC-Rio,
        the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,
        and <A HREF="http://www.petrobras.com.br/">PETROBRAS</A>,
        the Brazilian Oil Company.
        TeCGraf is Lua's birthplace,
        and the language has been used there since 1993.
        Currently, more than thirty programmers in TeCGraf use
        Lua regularly; they have written more than two hundred
        thousand lines of code, distributed among dozens of
        final products.]]
      } 

运行结果如下:


2. 马尔可夫链算法

第2个例子是马尔可夫链算法的实现.这个程序基于文本中的前n个词来生成随机的文本,这里我们假设n为2。


程序的第一部分,读取基本文本,并创建一个table,每两个单词为一个前缀,将基本文本中在该前缀之后的单词(可能有多个)存入table中。创建完该table后,程序用这个table去随机生成文本,每个前缀后的单词出现的概率跟在基本文本中大致相同。这样,我们就得到一个相当随机的文本。


我们会把两个单词用一个空格“ ”链接起来,编码为前缀:

function prefix (w1, w2)
    return w1 .. " " .. w2
end

我们使用字符串 NOWORD("\n")来初始化前缀单词,并且标记文本的结尾。例如:

the more we try the more we do

生成的table将会是:

{ ["\n \n"] = {"the"},
  ["\n the"] = {"more"},
  ["the more"] = {"we", "we"}, -- 有两处"the more we" 
  ["more we"] = {"try", "do"}, -- 两处"more we try", "more we do"
  ["we try"] = {"the"},
  ["try the"] = {"more"},
  ["we do"] = {"\n"},
}

程序将它的table保存到变量statetab中。我们用下面的函数在这个table的前缀list中插入一个新的单词

function insert (index, value)
    local list = statetab[index]
    if list == nil then
        statetab[index] = {value}
    else
        list[#list + 1] = value
    end
end

它首先检查这个前缀是否有list了;如果么有,那么用这个新值创建一个新的list;否则,就将这个新值插入到已存在的list的末尾。


要创建statetab这个table,我们保存两个变量,w1 和 w2,保存最后读取的两个单词。每读取一个新的单词,我们就将它添加到与w1-w2关联的list中,然后update一下w1和w2。


创建完这个table后,程序开始用MAXGEN个单词来生成文本。首先,它重新初始化w1和w2。然后,对每个前缀,它从合法的下一个单词的list中随机选取一个,打印这个单词,然后update下w1和w2.   下面是完整版的程序。

-- Auxiliary definitions for the Markov program

function allwords ()
    local line = io.read() -- current line
    local pos = 1 -- current position in the line
    return function () -- iterator function
        while line do -- repeat while there are lines
            local s, e = string.find(line, "%w+", pos)
            if s then -- found a word?
                pos = e + 1 -- update next position
                return string.sub(line, s, e) -- return the word
            else
                line = io.read() -- word not found; try next line
                pos = 1 -- restart from first position
            end
        end
        return nil -- no more lines: end of traversal
    end
end

function prefix (w1, w2)
    return w1 .. " " .. w2
end

local statetab = {}

function insert (index, value)
    local list = statetab[index]
    if list == nil then
        statetab[index] = {value}
    else
        list[#list + 1] = value
    end
end


-- The Markov program

local N = 2
local MAXGEN = 10000
local NOWORD = "\n"

-- build table
local w1, w2 = NOWORD, NOWORD
for w in allwords() do
    insert(prefix(w1, w2), w)
    w1 = w2; w2 = w;
end
insert(prefix(w1, w2), NOWORD)

-- generate text
w1 = NOWORD; w2 = NOWORD -- reinitialize
for i=1, MAXGEN do
    local list = statetab[prefix(w1, w2)]
    -- choose a random item from list
    local r = math.random(#list)
    local nextword = list[r]
    if nextword == NOWORD then return end
    io.write(nextword, " ")
    w1 = w2; w2 = nextword
end

运行结果如下:


水平有限,如果有朋友发现错误,欢迎留言交流


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