Linux Kernel headers
This is essential because if you just want to compile and install driver for new hardware such as Wireless card or SCSI device etc. With following method, you will save the time, as you are not going to compile entire Linux kernel.
Please note that to work with this hack you just need the Linux kernel headers and not the full kernel source tree. Install the linux-kernel-headers package which provides headers from the Linux kernel. These headers are used by the installed headers for GNU
glibc and other system libraries as well as compiling modules. Use following command to install kernel headers:# apt-get install kernel-headers-2.6.xx.xx.xx
Replace xx.xx with your actual running kernel version (e.g. 2.6.8.-2) and architecture name (e.g. 686/em64t/amd64). Use uname -r command to get actual kernel version name. Please note that above command will only install kernel headers and not the entire
kernel source-code tree.
A more generic (recommend) and accurate way is as follows:# apt-get install kernel-headers-$(uname -r)
All you need to do is change Makefile to use current kernel build directory. You can obtain this directory name by typing following command:$ ls -d /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build
Sample output:
/lib/modules/2.6.27-7-generic/build
Let, say you have .c source code file called hello.c. Now create a Makefile as follows in the directory containing hello.c program / file:$ vi Makefile
Append following text:
obj-m := hello.oKDIR := /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/buildPWD := $(shell pwd)default: $(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) SUBDIRS=$(PWD) modules
Save and close the file. Type the following command to build the hello.ko module:$ make
To load Linux kernel module type the command:# modprobe hello
A complete example
Create test directory (you can download following Makefile and .c file here):$ mkdir ~/test
$ cd ~/test
Create hello.c kernel module file:
#include<linux/module.h>#include<linux/kernel.h> int init_module(void){ printk(KERN_INFO "init_module() called\n"); return 0;} void cleanup_module(void){ printk(KERN_INFO "cleanup_module() called\n");}
Create a Makefile:
obj-m += hello.o all: make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules clean: make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clea
To build kernel module enter:$ make
Sample output:
make -C /lib/modules/2.6.27-7-generic/build M=/tmp/test2 modulesmake[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.27-7-generic' CC [M] /tmp/test2/hello.o Building modules, stage 2. MODPOST 1 modules CC /tmp/test2/hello.mod.o LD [M] /tmp/test2/hello.komake[1]:
Leaving directory `/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.27-7-generic'
Run ls command to see newly build kernel module:$ ls
Sample output:
hello.c hello.ko hello.mod.c hello.mod.o hello.o Makefile Module.markers modules.order Module.symvers
hello.ko is kernel module file. To see information about module, enter:$ modinfo hello.ko
Sample output:
filename: hello.kosrcversion: 4F856ABA1F3290D5F81D961depends:vermagic: 2.6.27-7-generic SMP mod_unload modversions 586
To load kernel module, enter:$ sudo insmod hello.ko
OR$ sudo modprobe hello
To list installed Linux kernel module, enter:$ lsmod
$ lsmod | grep hello
To remove hello Linux kernel module, enter:$ rmmod hello
This module just logs message to a log file called /var/log/messages (/var/log/syslog), enter:$ tail -f /var/log/messages
Sample output:
Nov 5 00:36:36 vivek-desktop kernel: [52488.923000] init_module() calledNov 5 00:36:50 vivek-desktop kernel: [52503.065252] cleanup_module() called