Problem E
Open Credit System
Input: Standard Input

Output: Standard Output

In an open credit system, the students can choose any course they like, but there is a problem. Some of the students are more senior than other students. The professor of such a course has found quite a number of such students who came from senior classes
(as if they came to attend the pre requisite course after passing an advanced course). But he wants to do justice to the new students. So, he is going to take a placement test (basically an IQ test) to assess the level of difference among the students. He
wants to know the maximum amount of score that a senior student gets more than any junior student. For example, if a senior student gets 80 and a junior student gets 70, then this amount is 10. Be careful that we don't want the absolute value. Help the professor
to figure out a solution.

Input
Input consists of a number of test cases T (less than 20). Each case starts with an integer n which is the number of students in the course. This value can be as large as 100,000 and as low as 2. Next n lines contain n integers where the i'th integer
is the score of the i'th student. All these integers have absolute values less than 150000. If i < j, then i'th student is senior to the j'th student.

Output
For each test case, output the desired number in a new line. Follow the format shown in sample input-output section.

Sample Input                             Output for Sample Input

3
2
100
20
4
4
3
2
1

4

1

2

3

4

题意：大概就是计算前一个数字和后面每一个数字差值中的最大值。

思路：单调队列，维护队头为最大，每次入队的时候队头-入队元素，保留最大值作为答案。复杂度为O(n)

代码：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define INF 0x3f3f3f3f
#define max(a,b) ((a)>(b)?(a):(b))
#include <queue>
using namespace std;

int t, n, num;

int solve() {
	scanf("%d", &n);
	int ans = -INF;
	deque<int>Q;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		scanf("%d", &num);
		if (!Q.empty()) ans = max(ans, Q.front() - num);
		while (!Q.empty() && Q.back() <= num) {Q.pop_back();}
		Q.push_back(num);
	}
	return ans;
}

int main() {
	scanf("%d", &t);
	while (t--) {
		printf("%d\n", solve());
	}
	return 0;
}