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python中__get__,__getattr__,__getattribute__的区别

2017年11月04日 ⁄ 综合 ⁄ 共 2235字 ⁄ 字号 评论关闭
__get__,__getattr__和__getattribute都是访问属性的方法,但不太相同。

object.__getattr__(self, name)
当一般位置找不到attribute的时候,会调用getattr,返回一个值或AttributeError异常。

object.__getattribute__(self, name)
无条件被调用,通过实例访问属性。如果class中定义了__getattr__(),则__getattr__()不会被调用(除非显示调用或引发AttributeError异常)

object.__get__(self, instance, owner)
如果class定义了它,则这个class就可以称为descriptor。owner是所有者的类,instance是访问descriptor的实例,如果不是通过实例访问,而是通过类访问的话,instance则为None。(descriptor的实例自己访问自己是不会触发__get__,而会触发__call__,只有descriptor作为其它类的属性才有意义。)(所以下文的d是作为C2的一个属性被调用)

Python代码
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收藏代码
  1. class C(object):
  2. a = 'abc'
  3. def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs):
  4. print("__getattribute__() is called")
  5. return object.__getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs)
  6. # return "haha"
  7. def __getattr__(self, name):
  8. print("__getattr__() is called ")
  9. return name + " from getattr"
  10. def __get__(self, instance, owner):
  11. print("__get__() is called", instance, owner)
  12. return self
  13. def foo(self, x):
  14. print(x)
  15. class C2(object):
  16. d = C()
  17. if __name__ == '__main__':
  18. c = C()
  19. c2 = C2()
  20. print(c.a)
  21. print(c.zzzzzzzz)
  22. c2.d
  23. print(c2.d.a)
class C(object):
    a = 'abc'
    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("__getattribute__() is called")
        return object.__getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs)
#        return "haha"
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        print("__getattr__() is called ")
        return name + " from getattr"
    
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print("__get__() is called", instance, owner)
        return self
    
    def foo(self, x):
        print(x)

class C2(object):
    d = C()
if __name__ == '__main__':
    c = C()
    c2 = C2()
    print(c.a)
    print(c.zzzzzzzz)
    c2.d
    print(c2.d.a)

输出结果是:

Python代码
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  1. __getattribute__() is called
  2. abc
  3. __getattribute__() is called
  4. __getattr__() is called
  5. zzzzzzzz from getattr
  6. __get__() is called <__main__.C2 object at
    0x16d2310
    > <class '__main__.C2'>
  7. __get__() is called <__main__.C2 object at
    0x16d2310
    > <class '__main__.C2'>
  8. __getattribute__() is called
  9. abc
__getattribute__() is called
abc
__getattribute__() is called
__getattr__() is called 
zzzzzzzz from getattr
__get__() is called <__main__.C2 object at 0x16d2310> <class '__main__.C2'>
__get__() is called <__main__.C2 object at 0x16d2310> <class '__main__.C2'>
__getattribute__() is called
abc

小结:可以看出,每次通过实例访问属性,都会经过__getattribute__函数。而当属性不存在时,仍然需要访问__getattribute__,不过接着要访问__getattr__。这就好像是一个异常处理函数。

每次访问descriptor(即实现了__get__的类),都会先经过__get__函数。

需要注意的是,当使用类访问不存在的变量是,不会经过__getattr__函数。而descriptor不存在此问题,只是把instance标识为none而已

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