linux安装图形界面包
1、RHEL5配置光盘为本地yum源
在安装软件的时候时常会遇到依赖性问题。我们可以通过配置yum来帮我们解决繁琐的软件依赖关系。
1.1 挂载光盘
[root@xml-ora1 mnt]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom/
mount: block device /dev/cdrom iswrite-protected, mounting read-only
[root@xml-ora1 mnt]# ll /mnt/cdrom/
total 3770
dr-xr-xr-x 3 root root 8192 Mar 22 2010 Cluster
dr-xr-xr-x 3 root root 8192 Mar 22 2010 ClusterStorage
-r--r--r-- 8 root root 8445 Sep 3 2008 EULA
-r--r--r-- 3 root root 8445 Mar 10 2010 eula.en_US
-r--r--r-- 8 root root 18416 Dec 1 2006 GPL
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 2048 Mar 22 2010 images
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Mar 22 2010 isolinux
1.2 修改yum源
先copy原yum源文件备份，然后用vim编辑yum文件并保存：
[root@xml-ora1 cdrom]# cp/etc/yum.repos.d/rhel-debuginfo.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel-debuginfo.repo.bak
[root@xml-ora1 cdrom]# vi/etc/yum.repos.d/rhel-debuginfo.repo
[root@xml-ora1 cdrom]# more /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel-debuginfo.repo
[Cluster]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever -$basearch - Cluster
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom/Cluster
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[ClusterStorage]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever -$basearch - ClusterStorage
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom/ClusterStorage
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[Server]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever -$basearch - Server
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom/Server
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[VT]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever -$basearch - VT
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom/VT
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
配置文件社会自说明：
1) [ ]内的是仓库的名称
2) name是仓库的描述或者说资源名称
3) baseurl 仓库的位置，Yum源的目录获取路径
4) enabled 是否启用这个仓库，1为起用，0为禁用，本地设为1
5) gpgcheck 是否检查GPG签名（用来验证要安装的包是不是REDHAT官方的）
1.3 测试Yum源使用
出现如下信息，说明配置成功：
[root@xml-ora1 etc]# yum grouplist
Setting up Group Process
Installed Groups:
Administration Tools
Legacy Software Development
Legacy Software Support
Mail Server
Network Servers
Server Configuration Tools
System Tools
Text-based Internet
XWindow System
Available Groups:
Authoring and Publishing
Cluster Storage
Clustering
DNS Name Server
Development Libraries
Development Tools
Editors
Engineering and Scientific
FTP Server
GNOME Desktop Environment
GNOME Software Development
Games and Entertainment
Graphical Internet
Graphics
Java Development
KDE (K Desktop Environment)
KDE Software Development
KVM
Legacy Network Server
MySQL Database
News Server
Office/Productivity
OpenFabrics Enterprise Distribution
PostgreSQL Database
Printing Support
Sound and Video
Web Server
Windows File Server
XSoftware Development
Xen
Done
2、安装XWindow包
[root@xml-ora1 etc]#yum groupinstall "X Window System"
Transaction Summary
===============================================================================
Install 176 Package(s)
Upgrade 0 Package(s)
Total download size: 95 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 511MB/s | 95 MB 00:00
warning: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 DSAsignature: NOKEY, key ID 37017186
Server/gpgkey |1.1 kB 00:00
Importing GPG key 0x37017186 "Red Hat,Inc. (release key) <security@redhat.com>" from /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : libbonobo 1/176
……
xorg-x11-xkb-utils.x86_640:1.0.2-2.1
xsri.x86_64 1:2.1.0-10.fc6
xulrunner.x86_64 0:1.9.0.18-1.el5_4
yelp.x86_64 0:2.16.0-22.el5
Complete!
此时说明成功安装图形界面包，再次用yum安装的时候，会出现已经安装的包，如果手动安装则按照下面的包进行安装，不过很多依赖包的安装比较麻烦。
[root@xml-ora1 etc]# yum groupinstall "X WindowSystem"
Setting up Group Process
Package xorg-x11-fonts-misc-7.1-2.1.el5.noarchalready installed and latest version
Packagexorg-x11-server-Xorg-1.1.1-48.76.el5.x86_64 already installed and latestversion
Packagexorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-1-75dpi-7.1-2.1.el5.noarch already installed and latestversion
Package xorg-x11-fonts-100dpi-7.1-2.1.el5.noarchalready installed and latest version
Packagexorg-x11-fonts-75dpi-7.1-2.1.el5.noarch already installed and latest version
Package 1:xorg-x11-xauth-1.0.1-2.1.x86_64already installed and latest version
Package desktop-backgrounds-basic-2.0-37.noarchalready installed and latest version
Packagexorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-1-100dpi-7.1-2.1.el5.noarch already installed and latestversion
Package xorg-x11-xinit-1.0.2-15.el5.x86_64already installed and latest version
Package xorg-x11-fonts-truetype-7.1-2.1.el5.noarchalready installed and latest version
Package 1:xorg-x11-xfs-1.0.2-4.x86_64already installed and latest version
Packagexorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.1-2.1.el5.noarch already installed and latest version
Package bitmap-fonts-0.3-5.1.1.noarchalready installed and latest version
Package xorg-x11-drivers-7.1-4.2.el5.x86_64already installed and latest version
Package 1:xorg-x11-twm-1.0.1-3.1.x86_64already installed and latest version
Package xorg-x11-apps-7.1-4.0.1.el5.x86_64already installed and latest version
Package pirut-1.3.28-17.el5.noarch alreadyinstalled and latest version
Package openssh-askpass-4.3p2-41.el5.x86_64already installed and latest version
Packagerhn-setup-gnome-0.4.20-33.el5.noarch already installed and latest version
Package liberation-fonts-1.0-1.el5.noarchalready installed and latest version
Package firstboot-1.4.27.8-1.el5.x86_64already installed and latest version
Packagesystem-config-display-1.0.48-2.el5.noarch already installed and latest version
Package freeglut-2.4.0-7.1.el5.x86_64already installed and latest version
Package freeglut-2.4.0-7.1.el5.i386 alreadyinstalled and latest version
Package 1:gdm-2.16.0-56.el5.x86_64 alreadyinstalled and latest version
Package policycoreutils-gui-1.33.12-14.8.el5.x86_64already installed and latest version
Package rhgb-0.16.4-8.el5.x86_64 alreadyinstalled and latest version
Package synaptics-0.14.4-8.fc6.x86_64already installed and latest version
Package krb5-auth-dialog-0.7-1.x86_64already installed and latest version
Packagesystem-config-soundcard-2.0.6-1.el5.noarch already installed and latest version
Package xterm-215-8.el5_4.1.x86_64 alreadyinstalled and latest version
Package dejavu-lgc-fonts-2.10-1.noarchalready installed and latest version
Package linuxwacom-0.7.8.3-8.el5.x86_64already installed and latest version
Packagesystem-config-services-0.9.4-5.el5.noarch already installed and latest version
Package vnc-server-4.1.2-14.el5_3.1.x86_64already installed and latest version
Packagesystem-config-date-1.8.12-4.el5.noarch already installed and latest version
Package glx-utils-6.5.1-7.8.el5.x86_64already installed and latest version
Package wdaemon-0.14-5.x86_64 alreadyinstalled and latest version
Package authconfig-gtk-5.3.21-6.el5.x86_64already installed and latest version
Packagesystem-config-printer-0.7.32.10-1.el5.x86_64 already installed and latestversion
Packagesystem-config-network-1.3.99.18-1.el5.noarch already installed and latestversion
Package bitstream-vera-fonts-1.10-7.noarchalready installed and latest version
Packagesystem-config-users-1.2.51-4.el5.noarch already installed and latest version
No packages in any requested groupavailable to install or update
3、启动XWindow
此时如果启动图形界面的话，看到的图形界面是linux原始的图形界面，如下：
如果想出现桌面的话，还需要安装Desktop组件，用yum grouplist查看下组件列表：
GNOME Desktop Environment和KDE (KDesktop Environment)并未安装。
4、安装GNOME图形桌面
[root@xml-ora1 etc]# yum groupinstall "GNOMEDesktop Environment"
zenity x86_64 2.16.0-2.el5 Server 1.2 M
Transaction Summary
===============================================================================
Install 145 Package(s)
Upgrade 0 Package(s)
Total download size: 124 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1.4GB/s | 124 MB 00:00
……
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
xorg-x11-server-Xnest.x86_64 0:1.1.1-48.76.el5
zenity.x86_64 0:2.16.0-2.el5
Complete!
5、启动GNOME图形桌面
[root@xml-ora1 etc]# startx
出现正常安装的linux图形界面则说明安装成功。
6、图形桌面常用命令
6.1、已安装组件和未安装组件查看
[root@xml-ora1 etc]#yum grouplist
6.2 安装xwindow包
如果系统安装之初采用最小化安装，没有安装xwindow，那么先安装
[root@xml-ora1 etc]# yum groupinstall "X WindowSystem"
6.3 安装卸载GNOME桌面环境
安装GNOME桌面环境
[root@xml-ora1 etc]#yum groupinstall "GNOME Desktop Environment"
卸载GNOME桌面环境
[root@xml-ora1 etc]#yum groupremove "GNOME DesktopEnvironment"
6.4 安装卸载GNOME桌面环境
安装KDE桌面环境
[root@xml-ora1 etc]#yum groupinstall "KDE (K DesktopEnvironment)"
卸载KDE桌面环境
[root@xml-ora1 etc]#yum groupremove "KDE (K DesktopEnvironment)"
6.5 默认桌面设置和切换
默认启动桌面选择设置：
方法1： 修改/etc/sysconfig/desktop，根据需要将“DESKTOP”后面的内容改为KDE或GNOME。
方法2：在当前用户目录下建立“.xinitrc”这个文件（注意文件名前有一个点号，代表建立的是一个隐藏文件），文件的内容就一行startkde或gnome-session，根据自己的需要选择KDE或GNOME。
GNOME和KDE的切换（“#”后面为输入命令）
1、如果需要切换到GNOME：
[root@xml-ora1 etc]#switchdesk gnome
2、如果需要切换到KDE：
[root@xml-ora1 etc]#switchdesk kde
6.6 退出图形界面
可以直接按 ctrl + alt + F1或者 ctal + alt + F2 等切换到文本控制台。或者图形界面菜单里面有选项的，选择退出或者关机的时候有选择退出到文本界面。