PowerPC + Linux2.6.25平台下的SPI驱动架构分析
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http://blog.csdn.net/sailor_8318/archive/2010/10/31/5977733.aspx
【摘要】本文以PowerPC+Linux 2.6.25 平台为例，详细分析了SPI总线的驱动架构。首先介绍了SPI的总体架构，从用户的角度将其分为三个层面，不同的开发者只需要关注相应的层面即可。然后分析了主要数据结构及其之间的相互关系，接着分析了不同层的具体实现，最后以一款SPI接口的时钟芯片为例讲述了如何在用户空间访问SPI驱动。对于ARM + Linux平台，只有平台依赖层即总线控制器驱动有差异。
【关键字】PowerPC, SPI, Master, Slave, spidev
目录
1 SPI概述 3
2 SPI总体架构 3
2.1 硬件抽象层 3
2.2 平台依赖层 3
2.3 用户接口层 3
3 主要的数据结构 4
3.1 Spi_master 4
3.2 SPI_driver 5
3.3 Spi_device 6
4 平台依赖层-总线控制器驱动 7
4.1 platform device 8
4.2 platform driver 11
4.3 SPI Master 14
5 硬件抽象层-SPI core 14
5.1 总线初始化 14
5.2 Master注册 15
5.3 驱动注册 19
5.4 数据传输 19
6 用户接口层-SPI设备驱动 21
6.1 统一的设备模型 21
6.1.1 关键数据结构 21
6.1.2 初始化 22
6.1.3 Open及release 24
6.1.4 数据收发 25
6.2 特定的设备驱动 36
6.2.1 关键数据结构 37
6.2.2 初始化 38
6.2.3 数据收发 42
7 驱动访问示例 42
7.1.1 写操作 43
7.1.2 读操作 43
8 参考鸣谢 44
1 SPI概述
SPI的通信原理很简单，它以主从方式工作，这种模式通常有一个主设备和一个或多个从设备，需要至少4根线，事实上3根也可以（单向传输时或者硬件复用两根数据线），也是所有基于SPI的设备共有的，它们是MISO、MOSI、SCK、CS。
（1）SDO – 主设备数据输出，从设备数据输入
（2）MISO– 主设备数据输入，从设备数据输出
（3）SCK – 时钟信号，由主设备产生
（4）CS – 从设备使能信号，由主设备控制
其中CS是控制芯片是否被选中的，也就是说只有片选信号为预先规定的使能信号时（高电位或低电位），对此芯片的操作才有效，这就允许在同一总线上连接多个SPI设备成为可能。接下来就负责通讯的3根线了，通讯是通过数据交换完成的。SPI是串行通讯协议，也就是说数据是一位一位从MSB或者LSB开始传输的，这就是SCK时钟线存在的原因，由SCK提供时钟脉冲，MISO、MOSI则基于此脉冲完成数据传输。 SPI支持4-32bits的串行数据传输，支持MSB和LSB，每次数据传输时当从设备的大小端发生变化时需要重新设置SPI Master的大小端。
2 SPI总体架构
在2.6的Linux内核中，SPI的驱动架构分为如下三个层次：硬件抽象层、平台依赖层和用户接口层。
2.1 硬件抽象层
SPI-bitbang.c和SPI.c为其主体框架代码，提供了核心数据结构的定义、SPI控制器驱动和设备驱动的注册、注销管理等API。其为硬件平台无关层，向下屏蔽了物理总线控制器的差异，定义了统一的访问策略和接口；其向上提供了统一的接口，以便SPI设备驱动通过总线控制器进行数据收发。
2.2 平台依赖层
SPI总线Master就是一条SPI总线的控制器（所谓控制是相对于本CPU来说的），在物理上连接若干SPI从设备。在Linux驱动中，每种处理器平台有自己的控制器驱动，属于平台移植相关层。PowerPC平台来说，其是spi_mpc83xx.c。其按照核心层定义的接口实现了spi_master。
2.3 用户接口层
设备驱动层为用户接口层，其为用户提供了通过SPI总线访问具体设备的接口。
3 主要的数据结构
3.1 Spi_master
spi_master是对某一条SPI总线的抽象，是特定总线的相关属性的集合。
/**
* struct spi_master - interface to SPI master controller
* @dev: device interface to this driver
* @bus_num: board-specific (and often SOC-specific) identifier for a
* given SPI controller.
* @num_chipselect: chipselects are used to distinguish individual
* SPI slaves, and are numbered from zero to num_chipselects.
* each slave has a chipselect signal, but it's common that not
* every chipselect is connected to a slave.
* @setup: updates the device mode and clocking records used by a
* device's SPI controller; protocol code may call this. This
* must fail if an unrecognized or unsupported mode is requested.
* It's always safe to call this unless transfers are pending on
* the device whose settings are being modified.
* @transfer: adds a message to the controller's transfer queue.
* @cleanup: frees controller-specific state
*
* Each SPI master controller can communicate with one or more @spi_device
* children. These make a small bus, sharing MOSI, MISO and SCK signals
* but not chip select signals. Each device may be configured to use a
* different clock rate, since those shared signals are ignored unless
* the chip is selected.
*
* The driver for an SPI controller manages access to those devices through
* a queue of spi_message transactions, copying data between CPU memory and
* an SPI slave device. For each such message it queues, it calls the
* message's completion function when the transaction completes.
*/
struct spi_master {
struct device dev;
/* other than negative (== assign one dynamically), bus_num is fully
* board-specific. usually that simplifies to being SOC-specific.
* example: one SOC has three SPI controllers, numbered 0..2,
* and one board's schematics might show it using SPI-2. software
* would normally use bus_num=2 for that controller.
*/
s16 bus_num;
/* chipselects will be integral to many controllers; some others
* might use board-specific GPIOs.
*/
u16 num_chipselect;
/* setup mode and clock, etc (spi driver may call many times) */
int (*setup)(struct spi_device *spi);
/* bidirectional bulk transfers
*
* + The transfer() method may not sleep; its main role is
* just to add the message to the queue.
* + For now there's no remove-from-queue operation, or
* any other request management
* + To a given spi_device, message queueing is pure fifo
*
* + The master's main job is to process its message queue,
* selecting a chip then transferring data
* + If there are multiple spi_device children, the i/o queue
* arbitration algorithm is unspecified (round robin, fifo,
* priority, reservations, preemption, etc)
*
* + Chipselect stays active during the entire message
* (unless modified by spi_transfer.cs_change != 0).
* + The message transfers use clock and SPI mode parameters
* previously established by setup() for this device
*/
int (*transfer)(struct spi_device *spi,
struct spi_message *mesg);
/* called on release() to free memory provided by spi_master */
void (*cleanup)(struct spi_device *spi);
};
3.2 SPI_driver
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/include/linux/SPI.h#L105
/**
* struct spi_driver - Host side "protocol" driver
* @probe: Binds this driver to the spi device. Drivers can verify
* that the device is actually present, and may need to configure
* characteristics (such as bits_per_word) which weren't needed for
* the initial configuration done during system setup.
* @remove: Unbinds this driver from the spi device
* @shutdown: Standard shutdown callback used during system state
* transitions such as powerdown/halt and kexec
* @suspend: Standard suspend callback used during system state transitions
* @resume: Standard resume callback used during system state transitions
* @driver: SPI device drivers should initialize the name and owner
* field of this structure.
*
* This represents the kind of device driver that uses SPI messages to
* interact with the hardware at the other end of a SPI link. It's called
* a "protocol" driver because it works through messages rather than talking
* directly to SPI hardware (which is what the underlying SPI controller
* driver does to pass those messages). These protocols are defined in the
* specification for the device(s) supported by the driver.
*
* As a rule, those device protocols represent the lowest level interface
* supported by a driver, and it will support upper level interfaces too.
* Examples of such upper levels include frameworks like MTD, networking,
* MMC, RTC, filesystem character device nodes, and hardware monitoring.
*/
struct spi_driver {
int (*probe)(struct spi_device *spi);
int (*remove)(struct spi_device *spi);
void (*shutdown)(struct spi_device *spi);
int (*suspend)(struct spi_device *spi, pm_message_t mesg);
int (*resume)(struct spi_device *spi);
struct device_driver driver;
};
Driver是为device服务的，SPI_driver注册时会扫描SPI bus上的设备，进行驱动和设备的绑定。
3.3 Spi_device
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/include/linux/SPI.h#L168
/**
* struct spi_device - Master side proxy for an SPI slave device
* @dev: Driver model representation of the device.
* @master: SPI controller used with the device.
* @max_speed_hz: Maximum clock rate to be used with this chip
* (on this board); may be changed by the device's driver.
* The spi_transfer.speed_hz can override this for each transfer.
* @chip_select: Chipselect, distinguishing chips handled by @master.
* @mode: The spi mode defines how data is clocked out and in.
* This may be changed by the device's driver.
* The "active low" default for chipselect mode can be overridden
* (by specifying SPI_CS_HIGH) as can the "MSB first" default for
* each word in a transfer (by specifying SPI_LSB_FIRST).
* @bits_per_word: Data transfers involve one or more words; word sizes
* like eight or 12 bits are common. In-memory wordsizes are
* powers of two bytes (e.g. 20 bit samples use 32 bits).
* This may be changed by the device's driver, or left at the
* default (0) indicating protocol words are eight bit bytes.
* The spi_transfer.bits_per_word can override this for each transfer.
* @irq: Negative, or the number passed to request_irq() to receive
* interrupts from this device.
* @controller_state: Controller's runtime state
* @controller_data: Board-specific definitions for controller, such as
* FIFO initialization parameters; from board_info.controller_data
*
* A @spi_device is used to interchange data between an SPI slave
* (usually a discrete chip) and CPU memory.
*
* In @dev, the platform_data is used to hold information about this
* device that's meaningful to the device's protocol driver, but not
* to its controller. One example might be an identifier for a chip
* variant with slightly different functionality; another might be
* information about how this particular board wires the chip's pins.
*/
struct spi_device {
struct device dev;
struct spi_master *master;
u32 max_speed_hz;
u8 chip_select;
u8 mode;
#define SPI_CPHA 0x01 /* clock phase */
#define SPI_CPOL 0x02 /* clock polarity */
#define SPI_MODE_0 (0|0) /* (original MicroWire) */
#define SPI_MODE_1 (0|SPI_CPHA)
#define SPI_MODE_2 (SPI_CPOL|0)
#define SPI_MODE_3 (SPI_CPOL|SPI_CPHA)
#define SPI_CS_HIGH 0x04 /* chipselect active high? */
#define SPI_LSB_FIRST 0x08 /* per-word bits-on-wire */
#define SPI_3WIRE 0x10 /* SI/SO signals shared */
#define SPI_LOOP 0x20 /* loopback mode */
u8 bits_per_word;
int irq;
void *controller_state;
void *controller_data;
。。。
};
spi_device对应着SPI总线上某个特定的slave。每个slave都有特定的大小端、速率及传输位宽，各个slave相互之间无干扰。
4 平台依赖层-总线控制器驱动
总线控制器驱动，本质上就是实现了具体的总线传输算法并向核心层注册了控制器。主要分为三个层面，platform device，platform driver及与SPI core的接口层。
Linux内核的所有SPI控制器驱动程序都在driver/SPI/下面，MPC8xxx驱动是spi_mpc83xx.c。
4.1 platform device
2.6内核中硬件资源的注册都采用了platform device的机制。对于PowerPC来说，其硬件资源是通过DTS来描述的。
spi@7000 {
cell-index = <0>;
compatible = "fsl,spi";
reg = <0x7000 0x1000>;
interrupts = <16 0x8>;
interrupt-parent = <&ipic>;
mode = "cpu";
};
中断号、中断触发电平、寄存器的基地址及范围等信息会在设备树中描述了，此后只需利用platform_get_resource等标准接口自动获取即可，实现了驱动和资源的分离。Cell-index标识了总线编号，也就是SPI master的编号。
随后在系统启动阶段会解析DTB文件，将相关资源注册到Platform bus上。
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/arch/powerpc/sysdev/fsl_soc.c#L454
int __init fsl_spi_init(struct spi_board_info *board_infos,
unsigned int num_board_infos,
void (*activate_cs)(u8 cs, u8 polarity),
void (*deactivate_cs)(u8 cs, u8 polarity))
{
u32 sysclk = -1;
int ret;
。。。。。
if (sysclk == -1) {
struct device_node *np;
const u32 *freq;
int size;
np = of_find_node_by_type(NULL, "soc"); //获得SOC中注册的总线频率
if (!np)
return -ENODEV;
freq = of_get_property(np, "clock-frequency", &size);
if (!freq || size != sizeof(*freq) || *freq == 0) {
freq = of_get_property(np, "bus-frequency", &size);
if (!freq || size != sizeof(*freq) || *freq == 0) {
of_node_put(np);
return -ENODEV;
}
}
sysclk = *freq;
of_node_put(np);
}
ret = of_fsl_spi_probe(NULL, "fsl,spi", sysclk, board_infos,
num_board_infos, activate_cs, deactivate_cs);
if (!ret)
of_fsl_spi_probe("spi", "fsl_spi", sysclk, board_infos,
num_board_infos, activate_cs, deactivate_cs);
return spi_register_board_info(board_infos, num_board_infos); //将SPI board info注册进系统SPI设备列表中
}
static int __init of_fsl_spi_probe(char *type, char *compatible, u32 sysclk,
struct spi_board_info *board_infos,
unsigned int num_board_infos,
void (*activate_cs)(u8 cs, u8 polarity),
void (*deactivate_cs)(u8 cs, u8 polarity))
{
struct device_node *np;
unsigned int i = 0;
for_each_compatible_node(np, type, compatible) { //根据compatible属性"fsl,spi"查找相关device node节点
int ret;
unsigned int j;
const void *prop;
struct resource res[2];
struct platform_device *pdev;
struct fsl_spi_platform_data pdata = { //板级相关的SPI片选实现函数
.activate_cs = activate_cs,
.deactivate_cs = deactivate_cs,
};
memset(res, 0, sizeof(res));
pdata.sysclk = sysclk;
prop = of_get_property(np, "reg", NULL);
if (!prop)
goto err;
pdata.bus_num = *(u32 *)prop; //reg是寄存器的范围，如何与总线编号挂钩的呢？
prop = of_get_property(np, "cell-index", NULL);
if (prop)
i = *(u32 *)prop;
prop = of_get_property(np, "mode", NULL);
if (prop && !strcmp(prop, "cpu-qe"))
pdata.qe_mode = 1;
for (j = 0; j < num_board_infos; j++) { //根据板级移植相关的board info指定的bus num进行匹配
if (board_infos[j].bus_num == pdata.bus_num)
pdata.max_chipselect++;
}
if (!pdata.max_chipselect)
continue;
ret = of_address_to_resource(np, 0, &res[0]);
if (ret)
goto err;
ret = of_irq_to_resource(np, 0, &res[1]);
if (ret == NO_IRQ)
goto err;
pdev = platform_device_alloc("mpc83xx_spi", i); //以mpc83xx_spi为name申请platform device，后续的platform driver将以mpc83xx_spi为匹配因子
if (!pdev)
goto err;
ret = platform_device_add_data(pdev, &pdata, sizeof(pdata)); //将pdata等特定的属性添加到platform device中，以供相应的platform driver检测。
if (ret)
goto unreg;
ret = platform_device_add_resources(pdev, res,
ARRAY_SIZE(res));
if (ret)
goto unreg;
ret = platform_device_add(pdev); //将SPI相关的platform device添加到platform bus上
if (ret)
goto unreg;
goto next;
unreg:
platform_device_del(pdev);
err:
pr_err("%s: registration failed/n", np->full_name);
next:
i++;
}
return i;
}
4.2 platform driver
static struct platform_driver mpc83xx_spi_driver = {
.remove = __exit_p(mpc83xx_spi_remove),
.driver = {
.name = "mpc83xx_spi",
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
},
};
static int __init mpc83xx_spi_init(void)
{
return platform_driver_probe(&mpc83xx_spi_driver, mpc83xx_spi_probe);
}
static void __exit mpc83xx_spi_exit(void)
{
platform_driver_unregister(&mpc83xx_spi_driver);
}
mpc83xx_spi_driver注册时会扫描platform bus上的所有设备，匹配因子是mpc83xx_spi，匹配成功后调用mpc83xx_spi_probe将设备和驱动绑定起来，具体过程参加《详解Linux2.6内核中基于platform机制的驱动模型》，随后向系统注册一个adapter。
http://blog.csdn.net/sailor_8318/archive/2010/01/29/5267698.aspx
static int __init mpc83xx_spi_probe(struct platform_device *dev)
{
struct spi_master *master;
struct mpc83xx_spi *mpc83xx_spi;
struct fsl_spi_platform_data *pdata;
struct resource *r;
u32 regval;
int ret = 0;
/* Get resources(memory, IRQ) associated with the device */
master = spi_alloc_master(&dev->dev, sizeof(struct mpc83xx_spi)); // 分配一个SPI Master
if (master == NULL) {
ret = -ENOMEM;
goto err;
}
platform_set_drvdata(dev, master);
pdata = dev->dev.platform_data; //获得platform device注册的特定资源
if (pdata == NULL) {
ret = -ENODEV;
goto free_master;
}
r = platform_get_resource(dev, IORESOURCE_MEM, 0);
if (r == NULL) {
ret = -ENODEV;
goto free_master;
}
mpc83xx_spi = spi_master_get_devdata(master);
mpc83xx_spi->bitbang.master = spi_master_get(master);
mpc83xx_spi->bitbang.chipselect = mpc83xx_spi_chipselect;
mpc83xx_spi->bitbang.setup_transfer = mpc83xx_spi_setup_transfer;
mpc83xx_spi->bitbang.txrx_bufs = mpc83xx_spi_bufs;
mpc83xx_spi->activate_cs = pdata->activate_cs;
mpc83xx_spi->deactivate_cs = pdata->deactivate_cs; // 将特定的片选实现函数保存到mpc83xx_spi中
mpc83xx_spi->qe_mode = pdata->qe_mode;
mpc83xx_spi->get_rx = mpc83xx_spi_rx_buf_u8;
mpc83xx_spi->get_tx = mpc83xx_spi_tx_buf_u8;
mpc83xx_spi->spibrg = pdata->sysclk;
mpc83xx_spi->rx_shift = 0;
mpc83xx_spi->tx_shift = 0;
if (mpc83xx_spi->qe_mode) {
mpc83xx_spi->rx_shift = 16;
mpc83xx_spi->tx_shift = 24;
}
mpc83xx_spi->bitbang.master->setup = mpc83xx_spi_setup;
init_completion(&mpc83xx_spi->done);
mpc83xx_spi->base = ioremap(r->start, r->end - r->start + 1);
if (mpc83xx_spi->base == NULL) {
ret = -ENOMEM;
goto put_master;
}
mpc83xx_spi->irq = platform_get_irq(dev, 0); //从platform device中获得相应的寄存器和中断等信息
if (mpc83xx_spi->irq < 0) {
ret = -ENXIO;
goto unmap_io;
}
/* Register for SPI Interrupt */
ret = request_irq(mpc83xx_spi->irq, mpc83xx_spi_irq,
0, "mpc83xx_spi", mpc83xx_spi);
if (ret != 0)
goto unmap_io;
master->bus_num = pdata->bus_num;
master->num_chipselect = pdata->max_chipselect;
/* SPI controller initializations */
mpc83xx_spi_write_reg(&mpc83xx_spi->base->mode, 0);
mpc83xx_spi_write_reg(&mpc83xx_spi->base->mask, 0);
mpc83xx_spi_write_reg(&mpc83xx_spi->base->command, 0);
mpc83xx_spi_write_reg(&mpc83xx_spi->base->event, 0xffffffff);
/* Enable SPI interface */
regval = pdata->initial_spmode | SPMODE_INIT_VAL | SPMODE_ENABLE;
if (pdata->qe_mode)
regval |= SPMODE_OP;
mpc83xx_spi_write_reg(&mpc83xx_spi->base->mode, regval);
ret = spi_bitbang_start(&mpc83xx_spi->bitbang); //MPC83xx系列将在spi_bitbang_start中注册SPI master
if (ret != 0)
goto free_irq;
printk(KERN_INFO
"%s: MPC83xx SPI Controller driver at 0x%p (irq = %d)/n",
dev->dev.bus_id, mpc83xx_spi->base, mpc83xx_spi->irq);
return ret;
free_irq:
free_irq(mpc83xx_spi->irq, mpc83xx_spi);
unmap_io:
iounmap(mpc83xx_spi->base);
put_master:
spi_master_put(master);
free_master:
kfree(master);
err:
return ret;
}
4.3 SPI Master
每一个SPI master都要实现setup、transfer及cleanup等。
static int mpc83xx_spi_setup(struct spi_device *spi)
static int mpc83xx_spi_bufs(struct spi_device *spi, struct spi_transfer *t)
mpc83xx_spi->bitbang.txrx_bufs = mpc83xx_spi_bufs;
MPC837x SPI Master的具体实现待续。
5 硬件抽象层-SPI core
5.1 总线初始化
static int __init spi_init(void)
{
int status;
buf = kmalloc(SPI_BUFSIZ, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!buf) {
status = -ENOMEM;
goto err0;
}
status = bus_register(&spi_bus_type);
if (status < 0)
goto err1;
status = class_register(&spi_master_class);
if (status < 0)
goto err2;
return 0;
err2:
bus_unregister(&spi_bus_type);
err1:
kfree(buf);
buf = NULL;
err0:
return status;
}
/* board_info is normally registered in arch_initcall(),
* but even essential drivers wait till later
*
* REVISIT only boardinfo really needs static linking. the rest (device and
* driver registration) _could_ be dynamically linked (modular) ... costs
* include needing to have boardinfo data structures be much more public.
*/
subsys_initcall(spi_init);
关于被subsys_initcall修饰的spi_init何时初始化，请参考下文《详解Linux2.6内核中基于platform机制的驱动模型》
http://blog.csdn.net/sailor_8318/archive/2010/01/29/5267698.aspx
此时platform bus及platform device已经注册完毕，因此SPI控制器的相关资源已经就绪。
5.2 Master注册
/**
* spi_register_master - register SPI master controller
* @master: initialized master, originally from spi_alloc_master()
* Context: can sleep
*
* SPI master controllers connect to their drivers using some non-SPI bus,
* such as the platform bus. The final stage of probe() in that code
* includes calling spi_register_master() to hook up to this SPI bus glue.
*
* SPI controllers use board specific (often SOC specific) bus numbers,
* and board-specific addressing for SPI devices combines those numbers
* with chip select numbers. Since SPI does not directly support dynamic
* device identification, boards need configuration tables telling which
* chip is at which address.
*/
int spi_register_master(struct spi_master *master)
{
static atomic_t dyn_bus_id = ATOMIC_INIT((1<<15) - 1);
struct device *dev = master->dev.parent;
int status = -ENODEV;
int dynamic = 0;
if (!dev)
return -ENODEV;
/* even if it's just one always-selected device, there must
* be at least one chipselect
*/
if (master->num_chipselect == 0)
return -EINVAL;
/* convention: dynamically assigned bus IDs count down from the max */
if (master->bus_num < 0) {
/* FIXME switch to an IDR based scheme, something like
* I2C now uses, so we can't run out of "dynamic" IDs
*/
master->bus_num = atomic_dec_return(&dyn_bus_id);
dynamic = 1;
}
/* register the device, then userspace will see it.
* registration fails if the bus ID is in use.
*/
snprintf(master->dev.bus_id, sizeof master->dev.bus_id,
"spi%u", master->bus_num);
status = device_add(&master->dev);
if (status < 0)
goto done;
dev_dbg(dev, "registered master %s%s/n", master->dev.bus_id,
dynamic ? " (dynamic)" : "");
/* populate children from any spi device tables */
scan_boardinfo(master);
status = 0;
done:
return status;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(spi_register_master);
static void scan_boardinfo(struct spi_master *master)
{
struct boardinfo *bi;
mutex_lock(&board_lock);
list_for_each_entry(bi, &board_list, list) {//board list已经在platform device注册时初始化
struct spi_board_info *chip = bi->board_info;
unsigned n;
for (n = bi->n_board_info; n > 0; n--, chip++) {
if (chip->bus_num != master->bus_num) //Master的总线号和相应slave所在的总线号匹配
continue;
/* NOTE: this relies on spi_new_device to
* issue diagnostics when given bogus inputs
*/
(void) spi_new_device(master, chip);
}
}
mutex_unlock(&board_lock);
}
/**
* spi_new_device - instantiate one new SPI device
* @master: Controller to which device is connected
* @chip: Describes the SPI device
* Context: can sleep
* Returns the new device, or NULL.
*/
struct spi_device *spi_new_device(struct spi_master *master,
struct spi_board_info *chip)
{
struct spi_device *proxy;
struct device *dev = master->dev.parent;
int status;
/* NOTE: caller did any chip->bus_num checks necessary.
*/
/* Chipselects are numbered 0..max; validate. */
if (chip->chip_select >= master->num_chipselect) {
dev_err(dev, "cs%d > max %d/n",
chip->chip_select,
master->num_chipselect);
return NULL;
}
if (!spi_master_get(master))
return NULL;
proxy = kzalloc(sizeof *proxy, GFP_KERNEL); //分配一个SPI device
if (!proxy) {
dev_err(dev, "can't alloc dev for cs%d/n",
chip->chip_select);
goto fail;
}
proxy->master = master; // SPI slave所依附的SPI Master
proxy->chip_select = chip->chip_select; // 保存board info中特定的属性，板级移植需要关注
proxy->max_speed_hz = chip->max_speed_hz;
proxy->mode = chip->mode;
proxy->irq = chip->irq;
proxy->modalias = chip->modalias;
snprintf(proxy->dev.bus_id, sizeof proxy->dev.bus_id,
"%s.%u", master->dev.bus_id,
chip->chip_select);
proxy->dev.parent = dev;
proxy->dev.bus = &spi_bus_type; //此设备所依附的总线为SPI
proxy->dev.platform_data = (void *) chip->platform_data;
proxy->controller_data = chip->controller_data;
proxy->controller_state = NULL;
proxy->dev.release = spidev_release;
/* drivers may modify this initial i/o setup */
status = master->setup(proxy);
if (status < 0) {
dev_err(dev, "can't %s %s, status %d/n",
"setup", proxy->dev.bus_id, status);
goto fail;
}
/* driver core catches callers that misbehave by defining
* devices that already exist.
*/
status = device_register(&proxy->dev); // 将该SPI device挂接到SPI总线上
if (status < 0) {
dev_err(dev, "can't %s %s, status %d/n",
"add", proxy->dev.bus_id, status);
goto fail;
}
dev_dbg(dev, "registered child %s/n", proxy->dev.bus_id);
return proxy;
fail:
spi_master_put(master);
kfree(proxy);
return NULL;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(spi_new_device);
5.3 驱动注册
/**
* spi_register_driver - register a SPI driver
* @sdrv: the driver to register
* Context: can sleep
*/
int spi_register_driver(struct spi_driver *sdrv)
{
sdrv->driver.bus = &spi_bus_type;
if (sdrv->probe)
sdrv->driver.probe = spi_drv_probe;
if (sdrv->remove)
sdrv->driver.remove = spi_drv_remove;
if (sdrv->shutdown)
sdrv->driver.shutdown = spi_drv_shutdown;
return driver_register(&sdrv->driver);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(spi_register_driver);
SPI driver采用内核通用的驱动模型，其流程和platform driver的注册过程类似，请请参考下文《详解Linux2.6内核中基于platform机制的驱动模型》
http://blog.csdn.net/sailor_8318/archive/2010/01/29/5267698.aspx
5.4 数据传输
/**
* spi_sync - blocking/synchronous SPI data transfers
* @spi: device with which data will be exchanged
* @message: describes the data transfers
* Context: can sleep
*
* This call may only be used from a context that may sleep. The sleep
* is non-interruptible, and has no timeout. Low-overhead controller
* drivers may DMA directly into and out of the message buffers.
*
* Note that the SPI device's chip select is active during the message,
* and then is normally disabled between messages. Drivers for some
* frequently-used devices may want to minimize costs of selecting a chip,
* by leaving it selected in anticipation that the next message will go
* to the same chip. (That may increase power usage.)
*
* Also, the caller is guaranteeing that the memory associated with the
* message will not be freed before this call returns.
*
* It returns zero on success, else a negative error code.
*/
int spi_sync(struct spi_device *spi, struct spi_message *message)
{
DECLARE_COMPLETION_ONSTACK(done);
int status;
message->complete = spi_complete;
message->context = &done;
status = spi_async(spi, message);
if (status == 0) {
wait_for_completion(&done);
status = message->status;
}
message->context = NULL;
return status;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(spi_sync);
同步接口，待数据收发完毕后才返回，只能在非中断上下文中使用。
/**
* spi_async - asynchronous SPI transfer
* @spi: device with which data will be exchanged
* @message: describes the data transfers, including completion callback
* Context: any (irqs may be blocked, etc)
*
* This call may be used in_irq and other contexts which can't sleep,
* as well as from task contexts which can sleep.
*
* The completion callback is invoked in a context which can't sleep.
* Before that invocation, the value of message->status is undefined.
* When the callback is issued, message->status holds either zero (to
* indicate complete success) or a negative error code. After that
* callback returns, the driver which issued the transfer request may
* deallocate the associated memory; it's no longer in use by any SPI
* core or controller driver code.
*
* Note that although all messages to a spi_device are handled in
* FIFO order, messages may go to different devices in other orders.
* Some device might be higher priority, or have various "hard" access
* time requirements, for example.
*
* On detection of any fault during the transfer, processing of
* the entire message is aborted, and the device is deselected.
* Until returning from the associated message completion callback,
* no other spi_message queued to that device will be processed.
* (This rule applies equally to all the synchronous transfer calls,
* which are wrappers around this core asynchronous primitive.)
*/
static inline int spi_async(struct spi_device *spi, struct spi_message *message)
{
message->spi = spi;
return spi->master->transfer(spi, message);
}
异步接口，根据spi device找到其所在的spi master，用master所特定的transfer函数实现数据收发。
核心层提供的通用数据收发接口，屏蔽了底层差异。
6 用户接口层-SPI设备驱动
6.1 统一的设备模型
此驱动模型是针对SPI Slave的，只有注册board info时modalias是spidev的才能由此驱动访问。访问各个slave的基本框架是一致的，具体的差异将由从设备号来体现。
6.1.1 关键数据结构
static struct spi_driver spidev_spi = {
.driver = {
.name = "spidev",
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
},
.probe = spidev_probe,
.remove = __devexit_p(spidev_remove),
};
定义了一个标准的SPI_driver。
struct spidev_data {
struct device dev;
struct spi_device *spi;
struct list_head device_entry;
struct mutex buf_lock;
unsigned users;
u8 *buffer;
};
static LIST_HEAD(device_list);
static DEFINE_MUTEX(device_list_lock);
定义了一个SPI dev列表，每个slave对应一个struct spidev_data, 以device_entry为节点连接在device_list上。
static struct file_operations spidev_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.write = spidev_write,
.read = spidev_read,
.ioctl = spidev_ioctl,
.open = spidev_open,
.release = spidev_release,
};
任意一个需要和用户空间通信的驱动必备的数据结构，其定义了具体的读写操作方法。
6.1.2 初始化
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/SPI/SPI-dev.c#L607
static int __init spidev_init(void)
{
int status;
/* Claim our 256 reserved device numbers. Then register a class
* that will key udev/mdev to add/remove /dev nodes. Last, register
* the driver which manages those device numbers.
*/
BUILD_BUG_ON(N_SPI_MINORS > 256);
status = register_chrdev(SPIDEV_MAJOR, "spi", &spidev_fops);
if (status < 0)
return status;
status = class_register(&spidev_class);
if (status < 0) {
unregister_chrdev(SPIDEV_MAJOR, spidev_spi.driver.name);
return status;
}
status = spi_register_driver(&spidev_spi);
if (status < 0) {
class_unregister(&spidev_class);
unregister_chrdev(SPIDEV_MAJOR, spidev_spi.driver.name);
}
return status;
}
module_init(spidev_init);
首先注册了一个字符型设备驱动，然后注册spi_driver，其将在SPI总线上查找对应的设备，根据关键字spidev进行匹配，匹配成功后将调用spi_driver的probe方法，即spidev_probe，将驱动和每一个salve绑定起来，并建立对应的dev设备节点，同时维护了一个spidev_data链表。
static int spidev_probe(struct spi_device *spi)
{
struct spidev_data *spidev;
int status;
unsigned long minor;
/* Allocate driver data */
spidev = kzalloc(sizeof(*spidev), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!spidev)
return -ENOMEM;
/* Initialize the driver data */
spidev->spi = spi;
mutex_init(&spidev->buf_lock);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&spidev->device_entry);
/* If we can allocate a minor number, hook up this device.
* Reusing minors is fine so long as udev or mdev is working.
*/
mutex_lock(&device_list_lock);
minor = find_first_zero_bit(minors, N_SPI_MINORS);
if (minor < N_SPI_MINORS) {
spidev->dev.parent = &spi->dev;
spidev->dev.class = &spidev_class;
spidev->dev.devt = MKDEV(SPIDEV_MAJOR, minor); //各个slave的从设备号是从0依次递增的
snprintf(spidev->dev.bus_id, sizeof spidev->dev.bus_id,
"spidev%d.%d",
spi->master->bus_num, spi->chip_select);
status = device_register(&spidev->dev);
} else {
dev_dbg(&spi->dev, "no minor number available!/n");
status = -ENODEV;
}
if (status == 0) {
set_bit(minor, minors);
dev_set_drvdata(&spi->dev, spidev);
list_add(&spidev->device_entry, &device_list); // 将该SPI dev添加到SPI device列表中
}
mutex_unlock(&device_list_lock);
if (status != 0)
kfree(spidev);
return status;
}
以SPI_MAJOR和动态从设备号为主从设备号注册设备节点，如果系统有udev或者是hotplug，那么就会在/dev下自动创建相关的设备节点了，其名称命名方式为spidevB.C，B为总线编号，C为片选序号。
6.1.3 Open及release
static int spidev_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
struct spidev_data *spidev;
int status = -ENXIO;
mutex_lock(&device_list_lock);
list_for_each_entry(spidev, &device_list, device_entry) {
if (spidev->dev.devt == inode->i_rdev) { // 根据设备节点号进行匹配查找对应的spidev_data节点从而找到相应的从设备
status = 0;
break;
}
}
if (status == 0) {
if (!spidev->buffer) {
spidev->buffer = kmalloc(bufsiz, GFP_KERNEL); // 为每个slave分配了一段缓冲区
if (!spidev->buffer) {
dev_dbg(&spidev->spi->dev, "open/ENOMEM/n");
status = -ENOMEM;
}
}
if (status == 0) {
spidev->users++; // 访问该SPI slave的user加1
filp->private_data = spidev; //面向对象的典型应用，将特定数据保存在filp->private_data中，其他函数可以直接从filp->private_data中取出需要的东西，避免过多的使用全局变量来传递信息
nonseekable_open(inode, filp);
}
} else
pr_debug("spidev: nothing for minor %d/n", iminor(inode));
mutex_unlock(&device_list_lock);
return status;
}
static int spidev_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
struct spidev_data *spidev;
int status = 0;
mutex_lock(&device_list_lock);
spidev = filp->private_data;
filp->private_data = NULL;
spidev->users--;
if (!spidev->users) { // 无用户再访问该slave时才释放其buffer
kfree(spidev->buffer);
spidev->buffer = NULL;
}
mutex_unlock(&device_list_lock);
return status;
}
Open操作是用户空间程序和内核驱动交换的第一步，最终返回给用户空间的就是struct file结构体。对于SPI 驱动来说，用户空间所获得的就是spidev这个关键信息。
6.1.4 数据收发
对于SPI驱动来说，数据收发有两种途径，read/write或者ioctl方式。但无论哪种方式，最终都是构造一个spi_message。
/**
* struct spi_message - one multi-segment SPI transaction
* @transfers: list of transfer segments in this transaction
* @spi: SPI device to which the transaction is queued
* @is_dma_mapped: if true, the caller provided both dma and cpu virtual
* addresses for each transfer buffer
* @complete: called to report transaction completions
* @context: the argument to complete() when it's called
* @actual_length: the total number of bytes that were transferred in all
* successful segments
* @status: zero for success, else negative errno
* @queue: for use by whichever driver currently owns the message
* @state: for use by whichever driver currently owns the message
*
* A @spi_message is used to execute an atomic sequence of data transfers,
* each represented by a struct spi_transfer. The sequence is "atomic"
* in the sense that no other spi_message may use that SPI bus until that
* sequence completes. On some systems, many such sequences can execute
* as single programmed DMA transfer. On all systems, these messages are
* queued, and might complete after transactions to other devices. Messages
* sent to a given spi_device are always executed in FIFO order.
*
*/
struct spi_message {
struct list_head transfers; // 所包含的spi_transfer链表
struct spi_device *spi; // 消息所发往的对象
unsigned is_dma_mapped:1;
/* completion is reported through a callback */
void (*complete)(void *context); //消息发送完毕后的回调函数
void *context;
unsigned actual_length;
int status;
/* for optional use by whatever driver currently owns the
* spi_message ... between calls to spi_async and then later
* complete(), that's the spi_master controller driver.
*/
struct list_head queue; // spi_message会由SPI Maser驱动统一组织成链表，顺序处理，以此防止各个spi slave同时访问总线而导致冲突
void *state;
};
spi_message 包含了一系列spi_transfer，在所有的spi_transfer发送完毕前，SPI总线一直被占据，其间不会出现总线冲突，因此一个spi_message是一个原子系列，这种特性非常利于复杂的SPI通信协议，如先发送命令字然后才能读取数据。
/*
* I/O INTERFACE between SPI controller and protocol drivers
*
* Protocol drivers use a queue of spi_messages, each transferring data
* between the controller and memory buffers.
*
* The spi_messages themselves consist of a series of read+write transfer
* segments. Those segments always read the same number of bits as they
* write; but one or the other is easily ignored by passing a null buffer
* pointer. (This is unlike most types of I/O API, because SPI hardware
* is full duplex.)
*
*/
/**
* struct spi_transfer - a read/write buffer pair
* @tx_buf: data to be written (dma-safe memory), or NULL
* @rx_buf: data to be read (dma-safe memory), or NULL
* @tx_dma: DMA address of tx_buf, if @spi_message.is_dma_mapped
* @rx_dma: DMA address of rx_buf, if @spi_message.is_dma_mapped
* @len: size of rx and tx buffers (in bytes)
* @speed_hz: Select a speed other then the device default for this
* transfer. If 0 the default (from @spi_device) is used.
* @bits_per_word: select a bits_per_word other then the device default
* for this transfer. If 0 the default (from @spi_device) is used.
* @cs_change: affects chipselect after this transfer completes
* @delay_usecs: microseconds to delay after this transfer before
* (optionally) changing the chipselect status, then starting
* the next transfer or completing this @spi_message.
* @transfer_list: transfers are sequenced through @spi_message.transfers
*
* SPI transfers always write the same number of bytes as they read.
* Protocol drivers should always provide @rx_buf and/or @tx_buf.
*
* If the transmit buffer is null, zeroes will be shifted out
* while filling @rx_buf. If the receive buffer is null, the data
* shifted in will be discarded. Only "len" bytes shift out (or in).
* It's an error to try to shift out a partial word. (For example, by
* shifting out three bytes with word size of sixteen or twenty bits;
* the former uses two bytes per word, the latter uses four bytes.)
*
* In-memory data values are always in native CPU byte order, translated
* from the wire byte order (big-endian except with SPI_LSB_FIRST). So
* for example when bits_per_word is sixteen, buffers are 2N bytes long
* (@len = 2N) and hold N sixteen bit words in CPU byte order.
*
* When the word size of the SPI transfer is not a power-of-two multiple
* of eight bits, those in-memory words include extra bits. In-memory
* words are always seen by protocol drivers as right-justified, so the
* undefined (rx) or unused (tx) bits are always the most significant bits.
*
* All SPI transfers start with the relevant chipselect active. Normally
* it stays selected until after the last transfer in a message. Drivers
* can affect the chipselect signal using cs_change.
*
* (i) If the transfer isn't the last one in the message, this flag is
* used to make the chipselect briefly go inactive in the middle of the
* message. Toggling chipselect in this way may be needed to terminate
* a chip command, letting a single spi_message perform all of group of
* chip transactions together.
*
* (ii) When the transfer is the last one in the message, the chip may
* stay selected until the next transfer. On multi-device SPI busses
* with nothing blocking messages going to other devices, this is just
* a performance hint; starting a message to another device deselects
* this one. But in other cases, this can be used to ensure correctness.
* Some devices need protocol transactions to be built from a series of
* spi_message submissions, where the content of one message is determined
* by the results of previous messages and where the whole transaction
* ends when the chipselect goes intactive.
*
* The code that submits an spi_message (and its spi_transfers)
* to the lower layers is responsible for managing its memory.
* Zero-initialize every field you don't set up explicitly, to
* insulate against future API updates. After you submit a message
* and its transfers, ignore them until its completion callback.
*/
struct spi_transfer {
const void *tx_buf;
void *rx_buf;
unsigned len;
dma_addr_t tx_dma;
dma_addr_t rx_dma;
unsigned cs_change:1;
u8 bits_per_word;
u16 delay_usecs;
u32 speed_hz;
struct list_head transfer_list;
};
一个spi_transfer是以某种特性如速率、延时及字长连续传输的最小单位。因为SPI是全双工总线，只要总线上有数据传输，则MOSI和MISO上同时有数据采样，对于SPI 控制器来说，其收发缓冲区中都有数据，但是对于用户来说，其可以灵活的选择tx_buf和rx_buf的设置。当发送数据时，tx_buf必须设置为待发送的数据，rx_buf可以为null或者指向无用的缓冲区，即不关心MISO的数据。而当接收数据时，rx_buf必须指向接收缓冲区，而tx_buf可以为Null，则MOSI上为全0，或者tx_buf指向不会引起从设备异常相应的数据。Len为待发送或者接收的数据长度。当一系列spi_transfer构成一个spi_message时，cs_change的设置非常讲究。当cs_change为0即不变时，则可以连续对同一个设备进行数据收发；当cs_change为1时通常用来停止command的传输而随后进行数据接收。因此cs_change可以利用SPI总线构造复杂的通信协议。
对于SPI总线协议来说，传输单位可以是4-32之间的任意bits，但对于SPI控制器来说，bits_per_word只能是8/16/32，即需要取整，待收发的数据在内存里都是以主机字节序右对齐存储，SPI控制器会自动根据传输单位及大小端进行转换。
对于read/write方式来说，如果不采用board info中的默认设置，则必须先通过ioctl方式设置该从设备特定的大小端、bits per word及速率等特性，后续数据传输时将一直采用此设置。
read/write与用户空间的接口是buf和count，分别为收发的相应数据指针和数据长度。
/* Read-only message with current device setup */
static ssize_t spidev_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *f_pos)
{
struct spidev_data *spidev;
struct spi_device *spi;
ssize_t status = 0;
/* chipselect only toggles at start or end of operation */ // 在count个数据发送期间，该slave的片选一直有效
if (count > bufsiz)
return -EMSGSIZE;
spidev = filp->private_data;
spi = spidev->spi;
mutex_lock(&spidev->buf_lock); // 对同一个SPI slave的互斥访问
status = spi_read(spi, spidev->buffer, count);
if (status == 0) {
unsigned long missing;
missing = copy_to_user(buf, spidev->buffer, count);
if (count && missing == count)
status = -EFAULT;
else
status = count - missing;
}
mutex_unlock(&spidev->buf_lock);
return status;
}
/**
* spi_read - SPI synchronous read
* @spi: device from which data will be read
* @buf: data buffer
* @len: data buffer size
* Context: can sleep
*
* This reads the buffer and returns zero or a negative error code.
* Callable only from contexts that can sleep.
*/
static inline int spi_read(struct spi_device *spi, u8 *buf, size_t len)
{
struct spi_transfer t = {
.rx_buf = buf,
.len = len,
};
struct spi_message m;
spi_message_init(&m);
spi_message_add_tail(&t, &m);
return spi_sync(spi, &m);
}
自动构建一个spi_message，其只包含一个spi_transfer。
/* Write-only message with current device setup */
static ssize_t spidev_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf,
size_t count, loff_t *f_pos)
{
struct spidev_data *spidev;
struct spi_device *spi;
ssize_t status = 0;
unsigned long missing;
/* chipselect only toggles at start or end of operation */
if (count > bufsiz)
return -EMSGSIZE;
spidev = filp->private_data;
spi = spidev->spi;
mutex_lock(&spidev->buf_lock);
missing = copy_from_user(spidev->buffer, buf, count); // 将待发送的数据从用户空间拷贝至内核空间
if (missing == 0) {
status = spi_write(spi, spidev->buffer, count);
if (status == 0)
status = count;
} else
status = -EFAULT;
mutex_unlock(&spidev->buf_lock);
return status;
}
对于ioctl方式，默认情况下就是进行数据收发。
IO ctrl方式与用户空间的接口为spi_ioc_transfer，其数据结构如下：
/**
* struct spi_ioc_transfer - describes a single SPI transfer
* @tx_buf: Holds pointer to userspace buffer with transmit data, or null.
* If no data is provided, zeroes are shifted out.
* @rx_buf: Holds pointer to userspace buffer for receive data, or null.
* @len: Length of tx and rx buffers, in bytes.
* @speed_hz: Temporary override of the device's bitrate.
* @bits_per_word: Temporary override of the device's wordsize.
* @delay_usecs: If nonzero, how long to delay after the last bit transfer
* before optionally deselecting the device before the next transfer.
* @cs_change: True to deselect device before starting the next transfer.
*
* This structure is mapped directly to the kernel spi_transfer structure;
* the fields have the same meanings, except of course that the pointers
* are in a different address space (and may be of different sizes in some
* cases, such as 32-bit i386 userspace over a 64-bit x86_64 kernel).
* Zero-initialize the structure, including currently unused fields, to
* accomodate potential future updates.
*
* SPI_IOC_MESSAGE gives userspace the equivalent of kernel spi_sync().
* Pass it an array of related transfers, they'll execute together.
* Each transfer may be half duplex (either direction) or full duplex.
*
* struct spi_ioc_transfer mesg[4];
* ...
* status = ioctl(fd, SPI_IOC_MESSAGE(4), mesg);
*
* So for example one transfer might send a nine bit command (right aligned
* in a 16-bit word), the next could read a block of 8-bit data before
* terminating that command by temporarily deselecting the chip; the next
* could send a different nine bit command (re-selecting the chip), and the
* last transfer might write some register values.
*/
struct spi_ioc_transfer {
__u64 tx_buf;
__u64 rx_buf;
__u32 len;
__u32 speed_hz;
__u16 delay_usecs;
__u8 bits_per_word;
__u8 cs_change;
__u32 pad;
};
spi_ioc_transfer可以动态的改变各种传输特性，并且可以将多个spi_ioc_transfer组织成一个message连续传输，比read/write方式提供了更多灵活性。
static int spidev_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp,
unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
int err = 0;
int retval = 0;
struct spidev_data *spidev;
struct spi_device *spi;
u32 tmp;
unsigned n_ioc;
struct spi_ioc_transfer *ioc;
/* Check type and command number */
if (_IOC_TYPE(cmd) != SPI_IOC_MAGIC)
return -ENOTTY;
/* Check access direction once here; don't repeat below.
* IOC_DIR is from the user perspective, while access_ok is
* from the kernel perspective; so they look reversed.
*/
if (_IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_READ)
err = !access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE,
(void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd));
if (err == 0 && _IOC_DIR(cmd) & _IOC_WRITE)
err = !access_ok(VERIFY_READ,
(void __user *)arg, _IOC_SIZE(cmd));
if (err)
return -EFAULT;
spidev = filp->private_data;
spi = spidev->spi; // 找到对应的struct spi_device
switch (cmd) {
/* read requests */ // 读取该slave的相关属性
case SPI_IOC_RD_MODE:
。
case SPI_IOC_RD_LSB_FIRST:
。
case SPI_IOC_RD_BITS_PER_WORD:
。
case SPI_IOC_RD_MAX_SPEED_HZ:
retval = __put_user(spi->max_speed_hz, (__u32 __user *)arg);
break;
/* write requests */
case SPI_IOC_WR_MODE:
retval = __get_user(tmp, (u8 __user *)arg);
if (retval == 0) {
u8 save = spi->mode;
if (tmp & ~SPI_MODE_MASK) {