#include <iostream> using namespace std; int isspace(int x) { if(x==' '||x=='/t'||x=='/n'||x=='/f'||x=='/b'||x=='/r') { return 1; } else { return 0; } } int isdigit(int x) { if(x<='9'&&x>='0') { return 1; } else { return 0; } } int atoi(const char *nptr) { int c; /* current char */ int total; /* current total */ int sign; /* if '-', then negative, otherwise positive */ /* skip whitespace */ while ( isspace((int)(unsigned char)*nptr) ) { ++nptr; } c = (int)(unsigned char)*nptr++; sign = c; /* save sign indication */ if (c == '-' || c == '+') { c = (int)(unsigned char)*nptr++; /* skip sign */ } total = 0; while (isdigit(c)) { total = 10 * total + (c - '0'); /* accumulate digit */ c = (int)(unsigned char)*nptr++; /* get next char */ } if (sign == '-') { return -total; } else { return total; /* return result, negated if necessary */ } } void main() { const char *str = "12df3"; cout << atoi(str) << endl; }